摘要
藏族水文化的突出特点在于将自然的水域赋予了具有人文性质的类型划分和空间层级,由此衍生出“水域—社会”的空间结构。文章尝试建立与这一结构对应的“水系—聚落”的三种组织关系,即疏密有度的生存空间、相依相融的生活环境、界线明确的空间划分,以说明“以文教化”在传统聚落空间营建中产生的作用。总结出“以文教化”的空间特点:自然属性、分类分层、行为活动,及决定两者关系的作用机制:以文教化的作用、人的主观认识、生活生产方式。
Tibetan water culture has a long history,its outstanding feature lies in that the natural water is endowed with the classification and spatial hierarchy of human nature,thus giving birth to the spatial landscape of settlement with Tibetan national characteristics,and has a clear combination with water.This paper tries to establish the relationship between the spatial structure of“water-society”and the spatial organization of settlements in Tibetan areas with strong religious thoughts and social hierarchy,so as to analyze the influence of the cultural function of“cultural education”on the spatial organization of traditional settlements,especially the influence of water culture.Based on the analysis of typical settlements in different natural geographical environments around the Yarlung Zangbo River and its tributaries in the Shannan region of Tibet,the cradle of Tibetan traditional culture,this paper establishes three groups of relations between“water-settlement”corresponding with the spatial structure,including the living space with degree of density,the living environment that depends on each other,the space partition with clear boundary,they are all produced under the influence of water cultural viewpoints such as fear of the water,love of the water,respect of the water and so on,these relations illustrate the spatial representation of settlements under the action of“cultural education”.Therefore,the spatial characteristics of“cultural education”could be summarized as follows:the natural attributes,the classification and stratification,and the conventional behaviors in space.Among them,the natural attribute refers to that under the influence of water culture,people protect natural water,maintain an orderly space organization between natural waters and human settlements at the same time,with the influence of cultural education,reflecting the logical relationship of“water system-human settlements-water culture-enlightenment”.While living by water,people also protect the environment water according to the belief of water culture,and strength the natural boundary and the field range of water connected with the enlightenment of civilizing space.The classification and stratification refer to the classification of“holy water and ordinary water”and the hierarchy division of“sacred above secular”for different types of water space in nature based on people’s own ideological understanding and social system,and the construction of the spatial hierarchy order of“spiritual water spacedefensive residential space”according to the concept of enlightenment,so as to establish the spatial organization and connection between human settlements and different water systems.The behavioral activities mean that people can consciously regulate their own behavioral activities when facing different waters,such as the ritual of turning around the sacred lake and spring,the folk worship activities of natural waters in traditional festivals and daily folk customs,etc.,so as to establish the bond of“cultural cognition-guiding the construction of space-guiding people’s behavioral activities”,so that the natural water system can be effectively protected in people’s actual activities,and the concept of water culture can be inherited through people’s behavioral activities.In addition,this paper reveals the function mechanism of the relationship between water and society:the function of cultural education,people’s subjective understanding,mode of living and production.Among them,the function of cultural education refers to the use of natural,material and spiritual education space,the restraint of individual behavior and the discipline of the ethnic group,and then the construction of“cultural cognition-spatial expression”of the spatial structure of the settlement.People’s subjective understanding refers to combining human’s objective knowledge of water to establish the subjective concept endowed with human’s perceptual thinking and knowledge,and to train the people with the function and reaction of“cultural education-space construction”,so that the natural water space is endowed with more people’s subjective thoughts.Mode of living and production refers to the content of life and production,such as farming and animal husbandry,formed by combining local natural geographical resources and water system characteristics,as well as the water usage,natural water system and spatial organization form of different types of settlements.For example,in the agricultural areas dominated by settlement life,people introduce water into settlements in accordance with the original form of water to meet the needs of farmland irrigation and build ecological corridors between the natural and human settlement environment without any modification to preserve the original water environment,so as to make the settlements more endowed with natural rhythm.In the pastoral areas,people live mainly by wandering grazing,and live by water and grass.No matter what kind of life style is all based on the respecting and adapting to the nature,people do not only make use of the natural water to camp the living environment,but also reflect the way of using water and the influence of water culture on local life.
作者
辛鑫
路红
夏青
任利剑
XIN Xin;LU Hong;XIA Qing;REN Li Jian
出处
《西部人居环境学刊》
2020年第5期125-131,共7页
Journal of Human Settlements in West China
关键词
藏族水文化
聚落空间
组织方式
空间特点
作用机制
Tibetan Water Culture
Settlement Space
Organization Mode
Spatial Characteristics
Action Mechanism
