摘要
水稻收获前(谷林)套种油菜(Brassica campestris L.)是油菜生产轻简化的重要途径,其中无人机飞播、肥料全部基施可有效解决谷林行走困难和人工撒播成本高、追肥效率低的现实问题。2019~2020年,在长江流域的江汉平原开展田间示范试验,以评估谷林套种飞播种植冬油菜的可行性,旨在为恢复、扩大冬油菜种植面积和实现全程机械化生产提供参考。田间试验共设4个处理,分别为习惯种植、飞播不施基肥、飞播基施1号肥料和飞播基施2号肥料,其中1号肥料和2号肥料分别代表不同的油菜专用复合肥。习惯种植和谷林套种飞播对冬油菜苗期和成熟期的生长影响差异显著。习惯种植油菜个体发育优于套种飞播处理,而套种飞播成苗率、均匀度更高,具有明显的群体优势。从产量水平来看,飞播基施1号肥料和飞播基施2号肥料处理间差异不明显,其平均产量比习惯种植和飞播不施基肥处理分别增加252kg/hm^2和1792kg/hm^2,增幅达到8.1%和115.3%。养分吸收和养分收获指数结果表明,与习惯种植和飞播不施基肥相比,飞播施用基肥处理均有利于提高地上部氮、磷和钾养分吸收量,但对养分收获指数没有显著性影响。油菜习惯种植的投入、产出和经济效益分别为6030、15784、9754元/hm^2;而套种飞播可节省机收后整田环节费用、降低播种人工成本和时间,从而减少投入1545元/hm^2,降幅达25.6%。整体而言,飞播施肥种植收益最高,平均为12582元/hm^2,比习惯种植和飞播不施基肥分别增加2828元/hm^2和7117元/hm^2,增幅分别为29.0%和130.2%。由此可见,在集约化、规模化种植条件下,谷林套种飞播配施油菜专用肥有利于提高油菜轻简化生产水平、增加油菜产量、养分吸收量和经济效益。
Inter-planting rapeseed of Brassica campestris L.before rice harvest(rice gap)is an important way to simplify the production of rapeseed,in which aerial seeding and basal application of fertilizer can effectively solve the practical problems of difficult walking in the rice field,high cost of artificial seeding and low efficiency of topdressing.In 2019~2020,a field demonstration experiment was carried out in the Jianghan Plain of the Yangtze River Basin to evaluate the feasibility of inter-planting and aerial seeding of winter oilseed rape,so as to provide a reference for restoring,expanding the winter rapeseed planting area and achieving full-scale mechanization.There are 4 treatments in the field test,namely customary planting,aerial sowing without basal fertilizer,aerial sowing with basal fertilizer 1 and aerial sowing with basal fertilizer 2,among which the basal fertilizer 1 and basal fertilizer 2 represent different special compound fertilizers for rape.The results show that the customary planting and inter-planting and aerial seeding have significant effects on the growth of winter rapeseed at the seedling and maturation stages.The ontogenetic development of rape by customary planting is superior to that by the inter-cropping and aerial treatment,while the intercropping and aerial seeding has higher seedling rate and uniformity,which thus has obvious population advantages.From the perspective of yield level,there is no significant difference between the treatments of aerial seeding with basal fertilizer 1 and basal fertilizer 2,and the average yields are respectively 252kg/hm 2 and 1792kg/hm 2 higher than that of customary planting and aerial seeding without basal fertilizer,with the increase amplitude of 8.1%and 115.3%,respectively.The results of nutrient uptake and nutrient harvest index show that,compared with the customary planting and aerial seeding without basal fertilizer,the aerial seeding with basal fertilizer is beneficial to improve the nutrient uptake of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in the above-ground part,but has no significant effect on the nutrient harvest index.The input,output,and economic benefits of customary planting are 6030yuan/hm 2,15784yuan/hm 2,and 9754yuan/hm 2,respectively.Interplanting and aerial seeding can save the whole field cost and reduce the labor cost and time of sowing after the harvest with machine,thus reducing the investment of 1545yuan/hm 2,a decrease of 25.6%.Overall,the benefit of aerial seeding with basal fertilizer is the highest,with an average of 12582yuan/hm 2,which increases by 2828yuan/hm 2 and 7117yuan/hm 2,29.0%and 130.2%,respectively,compared with that of customary planting and aerial seeding without basal fertilizer.It can be seen that under intensive and large-scale planting conditions,the inter-planting and aerial seeding with special fertilizers for rape is beneficial to enhance the light and simplified production level of rape,increase the yield,nutrient uptake and economic benefits of rape.
作者
裴霄敏
邹家龙
肖依波
周国胜
黄勇
高红兵
方明豪
李继福
Pei Xiaomin;Zou Jialong;Xiao Yibo;Zhou Guosheng;Huang Yong;Gao Hongbing;Fang Minghao;Li Jifu(College of Agriculture,Yangtze University,Jingzhou 434025,Hubei;Agricultural Technology Promotion Center of Jingzhou City,Jingzhou 434020,Hubei;Agricultural Technology Service Center of Jingzhou District of Jingzhou City,Jingzhou 434020,Hubei;Agricultural Technology Service Center of Jiangling County,Jiangling 434100,Hubei)
出处
《长江大学学报（自然科学版）》
CAS
2020年第6期68-74,M0005,M0006,共9页
Journal of Yangtze University(Natural Science Edition)
基金
国家重点研发计划项目“油菜化肥农药减施技术集成研究与示范”(2018YFD0200900)
湖北省油菜办资金资助项目“湖北省油菜轮作试点-荆州2019/2020”(201903024)。
