摘要
如果对中国哲学的起源与地域特点作鸟瞰式勾勒,可以认为中国哲学起源于对周文疲敝的不同应对之道。儒家主张对周文进行损益,奠定了温和政治和士大夫精神修养的基础,并确定了中华文化的经典系统。墨家用俭约、功用来反对靡费、虚文,用大众趣味反对精英文化。道家摒弃了周文的礼乐教化,建立了以道法自然为最高原理,守柔谦下为行为准则的哲学,并在避世隐遁中保持批判精神。法家以法律、权势和御臣术为基点,批评儒墨,推崇功利,扭转了周文的思想指向。从地域特点说,孔子以鲁地的礼乐传统和东夷的仁爱精神结合,建立了仁礼互相依持并敬畏天命的儒家系统。道家融合楚地巫觋传统和诗经中的浪漫风格,形成喜言天道,富于想象,厌弃礼乐,不事虚文的特色。墨家重视鬼神的传统是商代“先鬼而后礼”文化的遗留。齐晋较早应和了春秋时代的社会变动因而较早致力于制度改革,及北方剽悍易于法制化管理的习性,所以法家思想最强。南北不同文化传统在后世经学、佛教、道教、宋明理学中产生了深刻影响。
This paper provides a bird's-eye view of the origin and regional characteristics of Chinese philosophy,holding that Chinese philosophy was originated from different ways to deal with the decline of the institution of the Zhou Dynasty(周文疲敝).Confucianists(儒家)advocated the function of the gain and loss of the Zhou's institution,laid the foundation for moderate politics and for scholar-officials'spiritual cultivation,and established the classic system of Chinese culture.Moists(墨家)opposed extravagance and mere formalities with thrift and utilitarianism,while opposing elite culture with mass interests.Taoists(道家)discarded the ritual and musical cultivation from the Zhou's institution,established a philosophy with the doctrine that“Tao operates naturally”as their supreme principle,and with mild humility as their code of conduct,and maintained the critical spirit when they retreated from the human world and lived in seclusion.Basing themselves on law,power and political tactics for a courtier,Legalists(法家)criticized Confucianism and Moism,advocated utilitarianism,and reversed the ideological orientation of the Zhou's institution.In terms of regional characteristics,Confucius integrated the ritual and musical tradition of the state of Lu(鲁)with the spirit of benevolence of the Eastern Yi(东夷),and established a Confucianist system with the interdependence between benevolence and rites,and with reverence for destiny.With the integration of the male and female witch tradition(巫觋传统)in the state of Chu(楚)with the romantic style of the Book of Songs(《诗经》),Taoists(道家)formed such characteristics as taking interest in talking about the divine order,being rich in imagination,becoming tired of rites and music,and doing nothing related to mere formalities.Mohists or Moists(墨家)had the tradition of paying attention to gods and ghosts,which was a remainder of the culture of the Shang Dynasty where“gods and ghosts were more important than rites”.The states of Qi(齐)and Jin(晋)responded to the social changes of the Spring and Autumn Period and engaged themselves in the institutional reform at an earlier stage.Additionally,the people from North China were so strong and tough that they were apt to make legal management.As a result,legalists became most powerful ideologically.
作者
张学智
Zhang Xuezhi(Department of Philosophy,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)
出处
《北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第6期16-22,共7页
Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)
关键词
中国哲学
周文
地域特点
南北差异
Chinese philosophy
institution of the Zhou Dynasty(周文)
regional characteristics
