摘要
英国君主处理对外事务的权力,是一项高于法律且不受议会约束的特权。这项特权在光荣革命中并未发生变化,光荣革命后首位立宪君主威廉三世仍然拥有外交特权。1698—1700年,威廉运用外交特权与法国国王签订了两份瓜分西班牙帝国的条约,引发英国贵族阶层普遍不满。他们认为条约不符合英国利益,君主外交特权存在不合理性。在1701年初召开的议会中,威廉、托利党、辉格党从不同立场出发,共同变革了这项特权。此后,君主仍享有外交权威,但外交政策必须由内阁制定,外交决议还须交付议会核准。君主外交特权的变革,最终解决了17世纪以来国王与议会关于外交权力如何行使的争议,终结了君主独揽外交的局面。政党内阁制度向外交事务的延伸,确立了立宪君主制下国家外交权力新的行使方式,推动了立宪君主制的发展。
In Britain,the royal prerogative on foreign affairs recognized the British monarchy as an authority over law and parliament while making foreign policies.The Glorious Revolution did not change this fact,which enabled William III,the first constitutional monarch,still had the prerogative after it.During 1698-1700,William signed two treaties with French King to partition Spanish Empire with his prerogative,causing general dissatisfaction of British aristocrats,who thought that the treaties were contrary to British interests and that the existing royal prerogative was not without its irrational elements.In early 1701 when the Parliament was convened,William,with Tory and Whig parties,reformed the royal prerogative on foreign affairs,though from different standpoints.After that,despite that the monarch still enjoyed this prerogative,the cabinet undertook the responsibilities of making decisions on foreign affairs,and those decisions needed to be approved by parliament.The reform of royal prerogative on foreign affairs ended the 17th century-disputation of kings and parliaments over the execution of foreign powers,as well as the absolute power of the monarchy in foreign affairs.The expansion of party cabinet system to the field of foreign affairs has established a new way of exercising state diplomatic power under the constitutional monarchy and promoted the integrated development of the constitutional monarchy.
出处
《历史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第5期150-172,223,224,共25页
Historical Research
基金
教育部人文社科青年项目“近代以来英国政治制度变迁中的‘外交权’问题研究”(20YJC770012)阶段性成果。
