摘要
【目的】立式深旋耕作能提高土壤供水能力和促进作物根系发育,有利于作物对养分的吸收利用。【方法】在西北黄土高原半干旱区于2016—2018年布设马铃薯定位试验,设计立式深旋耕作40 cm(VRT)、深松40 cm(SS)和旋耕15 cm(TT)3个处理。在马铃薯播期、盛花期和收获期测定土壤含水量、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量,开花期测定了马铃薯叶面积指数和叶片SPAD值,成熟期调查马铃薯产量。计算马铃薯阶段水分养分消耗量,养分和水分利用效率。【结果】VRT耕作方式提高了马铃薯播前0—120 cm土层的含水量和0—40 cm土层的碱解氮和有效磷含量。与SS和TT耕作方式相比,VRT提高了3年的花前平均耗水量,提高了干旱年(2016)的花后耗水量,但平水年(2017)和丰水年(2018)的花后耗水量不同处理间无显著差异。VRT耕作方式干旱年碱解氮消耗量在花前花后较SS和TT耕作方式分别增加了38.7、22.9 kg/hm^(2)和25.9、12.9 kg/hm^(2);平水年碱解氮消耗量在花前花后较SS和TT耕作方式分别增加了17.2、0.4 kg/hm^(2)和21.2、6.3 kg/hm^(2),丰水年相应地增加了13.6、4.1 kg/hm^(2)和26.8、2.8 kg/hm^(2);VRT较SS和TT耕作方式增加了有效磷和速效钾的花前花后消耗量。VRT耕作方式叶面积指数(LAI)显著高于SS和TT处理,产量在2016、2017和2018年分别较SS和TT耕作方式增加了156.8%和47.8%、24.8%和41.0%、19.6%和27.5%,VRT耕作方式土壤水分利用率和速效氮磷钾利用效率高于SS和TT,并在干旱和平水年达显著差异。【结论】与深松和旋耕相比,立式深旋耕作可以提高马铃薯播前0—120 cm土层的贮水量,进而提高0—40 cm土层中的有效态氮和磷含量,特别是在花前阶段;较好的水肥供应促进了马铃薯的生长(较高的SPAD值和叶面积指数),有利于马铃薯开花后的生长,最终获得较高的马铃薯产量和水肥利用效率。立式深旋耕作还优化了黄土高原半干旱区土壤水分和养分分布,在一定程度上减少了养分向土壤深层的移动,其效果在干旱年份尤为明显。
【Objectives】The vertically rotary sub-soiling is effective to improve soil capacity of water supplying and promote the crop root development,this is probably beneficial to the nutrient availability for crop uptake.【Methods】The field experiments were conducted for three years(2016-2018)in Gansu Province,using potato as test material.The involved tillage treatments were vertically rotary sub-soiling for 40 cm(VRT),sub-soiling for 40 cm(SS),and traditional tillage for 15 cm(TT),all the treatment plots were mulched by plastic film annually.The soil water,soil available nitrogen(AN),available phosphorous(AP),readily available potassium(AK)content were measured at sowing,before flowering and at maturing stage of potato.The SPAD value and leaf area index(LAI)of potato were measured during flowering stage,and the tuber yield was investigated at maturity;the periodic evapotranspiration(PET),periodic nutrient consumption(PNC),and water use efficiency(WUE),nutrient use efficiency(NUE)were calculated.【Results】VRT method increased soil water storage at sowing stage in 0-120 cm profile,increased the AN and AP contents in 0-40 cm profile,as compared with SS and TT treatments.The water consumption before flowering period were significantly higher in VRT treatment throughout from 2016 to 2018,and that in post-flowering period was significantly higher in 2016(drought year),but not significantly different in 2017 and 2018(normal and wet year),as compared with SS and TT treatments.More soil AN was consumed in VRT treatment than SS and TT treatments,the consumption differences with SS and TT in pre-and post-flowering period were 38.7,25.9 kg/hm^(2) and 25.9,12.9 kg/hm^(2) in 2016(drought year),17.2,0.4 kg/hm^(2) and 21.2,6.3 kg/hm^(2) in 2017(normal year),and 13.6,4.1 kg/hm^(2) and 26.8,2.8 kg/hm^(2) in 2018(wet year),respectively.Correspondingly,the consumption of AP and AK in pre-and post-flowering period had also been increased in VRT treatment.LAI in VRT treatment were significantly higher than those in SS and TT treatments.The tuber yield of potato in VRT treatment was increased by 156.8% and 47.8% in 2016,24.8% and 41.0% in 2017,and 19.6% and 27.5% in 2018,as compared with SS and TT treatments,respectively.The use efficiency of water,N,P and K were increased in VRT,and the significant differences were observed in drought and normal year.【Conclusions】The VRT method could increase the water storage of 0-120 cm soil layer and the contents of available N and available P in 0-40 cm soil profile,which is good for the water and nutrient supply to potato,especially in pre-flowering stage,and the vegetation growth(higher SPAD and LAI values),thus obtain high tuber yield and water and nutrient efficiency of potato.In addition,VRT method is found optimized soil water and nutrient distribution,which alleviates the down movement of nutrient,this effect is more remarkable in drought year.
作者
张绪成
马一凡
于显枫
侯慧芝
王红丽
方彦杰
ZHANG Xu-cheng;MA Yi-fan;YU Xian-feng;HOU Hui-zhi;WANG Hong-li;FANG Yan-jie(Institute of Dryland Farming,Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of High Water Utilization on Dryland of Gansu Province,Lanzhou,730070 China)
出处
《植物营养与肥料学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2021年第2期191-203,共13页
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers
基金
国家重点研发计划(2018YFD020080105)
国家自然科学基金项目(31960398,31560355)。
关键词
立式深旋耕作
养分利用效率
水分利用效率
马铃薯
产量
西北黄土高原
vertically rotary sub-soiling
nutrient use efficiency
water use efficiency
potato
tuber yield
northwest Loess Plateau
