摘要
作为对华海上竞争的工具,美国在南海的“灰色地带行动”很大程度上利用了《联合国海洋法公约》的模糊性,其中包括《公约》下军事活动界定的标准不明。事实上,海上军事活动的界定作为《公约》的遗留问题,一直备受理论界关注,但时至今日在国际司法实践中仍然争议不断,加之当下还面临着传统海洋强国与以中国为代表的新兴海洋大国的利益冲突加剧、主权国家的海上活动形式日益丰富等新挑战,导致海上军事活动的界定变得更加错综复杂。根据国际司法实践,在军事活动的界定中法庭或仲裁庭主要关注主体因素、行为方式和活动目的,这三个要素构建起了以海上活动的主体为初步证据、重点考察行为方式、在有限范围内兼顾活动目的的界定思路。对中国而言,以实证视角审视作为美国南海典型“灰色地带行动”的“航行自由行动”,有助于客观全面认识其法律性质,进而从国际法层面有力回击美国的海上霸权行为,助力完善应对美国南海“灰色地带行动”的中国方案,最终在实现强化南海维权执法的同时,避免冲突失控,妥善处理波谲云诡的南海局势。
As a tool for maritime competition with China,the“gray zone”operations of the United States in the South China Sea have taken good advantage of the ambiguity of The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the fact that the Convention does not clearly lay down criteria for military activities.As a legacy of the Convention,the demarcation of marine military activities has claimed close attention from theorists,but it is still at issue in international judicial practices.In addition,new challenges keep arising,such as intensified conflicts of interests between traditional maritime powers and emerging maritime countries represented by China,and the increasingly diverse forms of maritime activities by sovereign states,which makes it more complicated to define marine military activities.Based on international judicial practices,courts or arbitration tribunals mainly focus on three elements of maritime activities:subject factors,behavioral patterns and activity objectives.These three elements help develop a line of thinking in defining maritime activities,which tends to take subjects of maritime activities as preliminary evidence,underlining the examination of their behavioral patterns and taking into account activity objectives within a limited scope.From the empirical perspective,re-examining the US“gray zone”operations featuring the so-called“freedom of navigation operation”in the South China Sea will help China gain an objective and comprehensive understanding of its legal nature,launch forceful counterattacks in compliance with international law against the US maritime hegemonic actions and improve China’s response plans to rise to the US maritime operations.Only by doing so will China be able to avoid uncontrolled conflicts during its strengthened efforts to conduct law enforcement activities and safeguard its maritime rights in the South China Sea and to properly handle the volatile situation in this region.
作者
刘美
LIU Mei(International Law School of East China University of Political Science and Law,Shanghai,200042)
出处
《国际安全研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第3期102-131,159,160,共32页
Journal of International Security Studies
基金
2018年度国家社会科学基金重大项目“军民融合战略下海上通道安全法治保障研究”(项目批准号:18ZDA155)支持
华东政法大学优秀博士论文培育项目“平时国际法下军舰海上执法的困境与出路”(项目批准号:2020-1-015)阶段性研究成果。
关键词
联合国海洋法公约
军事活动
灰色地带行动
航行自由行动
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)
military activities
gray zone operations
freedom of navigation operations
