摘要
真菌毒素是一些真菌在生长繁殖过程中产生的有毒有害代谢物,其对粮油加工产业、畜牧业和食品工业造成经济损失的同时亦会威胁人类健康。粮油加工副产物中真菌毒素的污染率相对较高,这些污染的副产物用于畜牧业生产,会严重影响畜禽生产性能。对畜禽危害严重的真菌毒素主要有:黄曲霉毒素(aflatoxin,AF)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(又称呕吐毒素,Deoxynivalenol,DON)、赭曲霉毒素(ochratoxin,OTA)、玉米赤霉烯酮(zenralenone,ZEN)、T-2毒素(属于单端孢霉烯族毒素)、伏马毒素(fumonisin,FB)等。受真菌毒素污染的饲料和谷物颜色、气味及营养成分会发生变化,导致适口性变差,营养价值降低,还会造成畜禽生长缓慢、免疫力降低、生殖障碍甚至死亡。我国GB 2761—2017《食品卫生标准》对粮油食品中主要真菌毒素的限量有相应的控制标准。GB 13078—2017《饲料卫生标准》也明确规定粮油加工副产物用作饲料时其中主要六种真菌毒素的限量标准。目前常用的真菌毒素脱毒方法有物理脱毒法、化学脱毒法、脱霉剂脱毒法等。在处理霉变畜禽饲料时,前两种方法都有一定的缺陷,通常采用添加真菌毒素脱霉剂来降低其对畜禽的危害。本文阐述了饲料中常用脱霉剂吸附剂和降解菌/酶以及脱霉剂体外和体内评估方法,总结了现有吸附剂和降解菌/酶对控制粮油副产物中真菌毒素的作用效果以及使用中存在的问题,并对真菌毒素消减技术的发展方向进行了展望,以期为解决资源浪费问题,促进粮油加工副产物的高效利用提供一定的参考价值。
Mycotoxins are toxic and harmful metabolites produced by some fungi during the growth and reproduction process.They cause economic losses to the grain and oil processing industry,animal husbandry and food industry,but also threaten human health.The pollution rate of mycotoxins in the by-products of grain and oil processing is relatively high.These polluted by-products are used in animal husbandry production,which will seriously affect the performance of livestock and poultry.The mycotoxins that are serious to livestock and poultry mainly include:aflatoxin(AF),deoxynivalenol(also known as vomiting toxin,Deoxynivalenol,DON),ochratoxin(OTA),and Gibberella zea Enone(zenralenone,ZEN),T-2 toxin(belonging to trichothecenes),fumonisin(FB),etc.Feeds and grains contaminated with mycotoxins will change in color,smell,and nutritional components,resulting in poor palatability,reduced nutritional value,slow growth of livestock and poultry,reduced immunity,reproductive disorders and even death.my country's Food Sanitation Standard(GB 2761—2017)has corresponding control standards for the limits of major mycotoxins in grain,oil and food.The Feed Hygienic Standard(GB 13078—2017)also clearly stipulates the limit standards for the main six mycotoxins when the by-products of grain and oil processing are used as feed.At present,the commonly used mycotoxin detoxification methods include physical detoxification,chemical detoxification,and detoxification of fungicides.In the processing of moldy livestock and poultry feed,the first two methods have certain defects,usually adding mycotoxin mold release agent to reduce its harm to livestock and poultry.This article introduces the commonly used mold-removing agent adsorbents and degrading bacteria/enzymes in feed,as well as their in vitro and in vivo evaluation methods,and summarizes the effects and use of existing adsorbents and degrading bacteria/enzymes on controlling mycotoxins in grain and oil by-products.The development direction of mycotoxin reduction technology is prospected in order to solve the problem of resource waste and promote the efficient use of grain and oil processing by-products.
作者
李笑樱
印铁
仉磊
姜德铭
张云鹏
刘晓萌
邹球龙
张晓琳
Li Xiaoying;Yin Tie;Zhang Lei;Jiang Deming;Zhang Yunpeng;Liu Xiaomeng;Zou Qiulong;Zhang Xiaolin(COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition&Health and Food Safety,Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition&Food,Beijing 102209)
出处
《中国粮油学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2021年第8期190-195,共6页
Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association
基金
广东省重点领域研发计划项目[2020B0202010001(2017YFC1600600)]。
关键词
粮油副产物
真菌毒素
脱霉剂
研究进展
grain and oil by-products
mycotoxin
mold release agent
research progress
