摘要
中国东北黑土是世界上最肥沃、垦殖时间较短的土壤类型之一,在保障国家粮食安全中具有非常重要的地位。本文在总结东北黑土地概况(定义、分布、土壤类型和垦殖时间)的基础上,梳理了东北黑土地的研究足迹,并提出了未来东北黑土地科技研发的方向。东北黑土地包括黑土、黑钙土、草甸土、白浆土、暗棕壤和棕壤6种土壤类型,主要分布在辽河平原、松嫩平原和三江平原。自然黑土肥力较高,但是开垦后受生态系统改变和人类活动的双重驱动,土壤肥力发了巨大变化,土壤有机质含量在垦殖初期(约30 a)迅速下降,开垦50 a后下降速度趋于稳定;侵蚀区黑土层受风蚀和水蚀等影响出现了不同程度的流失。有机培肥、轮作、等高种植等技术措施已经被广泛应用于黑土培肥与水土流失防治。黑土层是黑土地的标志性土层,是黑土地肥力的核心。基于黑土层保护的东北黑土地保护利用建议从以下3方面开展科学研究:(1)解析人类活动下的黑土层厚度及颜色变化过程和驱动机制,探索现代农业管理方式下维持和增加黑土层厚度的技术途径;(2)针对东北黑土地6种土壤类型耕地限制粮食生产能力的主控因子,因地制宜建立以“肥沃耕层构建”、“障碍性土层消减”和“控蚀固土增肥”为核心的东北黑土地保护利用技术模式,研发相关配套技术,探索模式的适应性及应用效果和机理;(3)以长坡为研究对象建立水土流失观测场,集中研发坡耕地控制面蚀和沟蚀的新技术和新模式。
Black soils in Northeast China,reclaimed in recent 60~200 years,is one of the most productive soils in the world,and plays a vital role in guaranteeing national food security.Based on the summarized general situation of black soils in Northeast China including definition,distribution,soil types and reclamation span,this review presents a research footprint for black soils in the recent 70 years and raises future research orientations.Black soils including mollisol,chernozem,meadow soil,albic soil,dark brown soil,and brown soil are dominantly distributed in Liaohe plain,Songnen plain,and Sanjiang plain.The soil fertility under virgin land is relatively high but underwent great changed under the combined role of ecological system change and human activity.Also,the soil organic matter(SOM)sharply decreased during the early period(0-30 a)of black soils reclamation,then the decrease rate of SOM tended to reach stability after 50 years of reclamation.Black soil layer loss observed in eroded regions resulted from water erosion and wind erosion.The organic amendment,rotation,and contouring cropping were extensively adopted to enhance soil fertility and control soil erosion.The black soil layer is the landmark layer in black soils and is the core of soil fertility.Given black soil layer protection,the following suggestions can play a key role in the protection and utilization of black soil:(1)reveal the change processes of thickness and color in black soil layer and the driving mechanism and explore approaches that maintain and increase black soil layer thickness in current agronomic practices;(2)integrate building patterns of protection and utilization of black soil according to the local conditions.Consider conditions such as the core of fertile cultivated layer,barriers layer subduction and conservation of water and soil based on the dominant factor limiting black soils’productivity,and deeply mining the adaptation,effect and mechanism of the patterns;(3)establish monitoring sites on the long slopes in the slope cropland and focus on new technologies research related to controlling soil erosion.
作者
韩晓增
邹文秀
HAN Xiaozeng;ZOU Wenxiu(Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecosystem,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Harbin 150081,China)
出处
《土壤学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2021年第6期1341-1358,共18页
Acta Pedologica Sinica
基金
中国科学院野外台站联盟项目(KFJ-SW-YW035-4)
黑龙江省应用技术研究与开发计划项目(GA19B101,GA19B105)
国家自然科学基金项目(41771327)资助。
关键词
东北黑土地
研究足迹
黑土层
土壤有机质
肥沃耕层
障碍消减
Black soil in Northeast
Research footprint
Black soil layer
Soil organic matter
Fertile cultivated layer
Barriers layer subduction
