摘要
【目的】凤仙花属植物以花色多样化和具有两侧对称花为主要特征,被认为是“双子叶的兰科植物”。总状凤仙花(Impatiens racemose)花冠黄色,明亮醒目,花香清新淡雅,主要分布于云南省、西藏自治区、印度、不丹和尼泊尔等地区,生长在海拔1700~2400 m的林下及路旁沟渠,可用作花坛、花境的镶边植物或室内盆栽植物,其全株均可入药,具有较高的开发和利用价值,但迄今尚未见对其开花及繁殖生物学研究的相关报道。论文研究了总状凤仙花的花部形态、发育动态及繁殖生物学特征,可为总状凤仙花种质资源保护、开发利用及新品种培育等工作奠定基础。【方法】以总状凤仙花为材料,采用形态观察法、TTC染色法、联苯胺-过氧化氢法等方法对其花部特征和繁育系统进行探究。【结果】(1)总状凤仙花的花期为6—9月,分为花芽萌动期、现蕾期、初花期、盛花期、末花期、结实期6个时期,共持续48~50 d;单花期一般持续8~10 d;初花期(0 d)花粉生活力最高(90.77%),此时柱头具有可授性;雄蕊先熟;初花期持续0.5~1 d,盛花期持续3~4.5 d,末花期持续0.5~1 d。(2)花粉胚珠比为551.79,杂交指数为4,繁育系统以异交型为主,其特征为部分自交亲和、需要传粉者。(3)盛花期传粉昆虫较多,主要为膜翅目蜂类、膜翅目蚁类和双翅目蝇类;其中三条熊蜂为最有效的传粉者。(4)传粉通道中通道长度为(15.73±0.62)mm,通道宽度为(7.83±0.40)mm,通道高度为(5.30±0.17)mm;花蜜中花蜜量为(0.39±0.04)μL,含糖量为19.50%,能够满足小型昆虫的传粉需求。(5)6种处理中异株异花授粉试验的结实率最高,达93.33%;总状凤仙花不存在无融合生殖。【结论】(1)总状凤仙花的花器官结构、花色、花香和花蜜量等特性不断演化与三条熊蜂的传粉方式相适应。(2)自交与异交传粉机制均是总状凤仙花长期演化所产生的繁殖机制。(3)总状凤仙花有性繁殖过程易受到花粉限制和缺乏有效传粉媒介,因此通过繁殖补偿机制来推动繁殖过程的顺利进行。
[Objective]Impatiens are considered as dicotyledonous orchids thanks to their rich flower colors and zygomorphic flowers on both sides.Impatiens racemosa with yellow corolla,bright and striking color,fresh and elegant fragrance is mainly distributed in Yunnan Province,Tibet Autonomous Region,India,Bhutan,Nepal and other areas,growing in 1700-2400 m above sea level under forest and by roadside ditches.It can be used as purfle plants of parterre and border or indoor ornamental potted plants,in the meantime,all parts of I.racemosa can be used as medicine,so it has good development and utilization values.At present,there are few reports about the floral characteristics and breeding system of impatiens at home.The observation,recording and analysis of floral morphology,development dynamics and breeding system of I.racemosa can provide basic data and reference for protection,development,utilization of germplasm resources and cultivation of new varieties of I.racemosa.[Method]The flower characteristics and breeding system of I.racemosa were studied by using morphological observation,TTC staining and benzidine-hydrogen peroxide methods.[Result](1)I.racemosa usually bloomeds from June to September every year.Its blooming period lasted about 48-50 d and was divided into six stages,including flower bud germination stage,bud stage,early florescence stage,full bloom stage,end florescence stage and seed setting stage;single flower period generally survives from 8d to 10d;the highest pollen viability at the early florescence stage(0 d),was 90.77%,and at this time the stigma was pollinatable and stamens were ripe;the early florescence stage lasted 0.5-1 d,the full bloom stage 3-4.5 d and the end florescence 0.5-1 d.(2)The ratio of pollen and ovule was 551.79 and the hybridization index reached 4;the breeding system mainly belongs to outcrossing type by pollinators and sometimes it is self-compatible(.3)There were many kinds of pollinators in its flowering,including bees of Hymenoptera,ants of Hymenoptera and flies of Diptera,especially,Bombus trifasciatus was the most effective pollinators(.4)The length of its pollination channel was(15.73±0.62)mm,the channel width was(7.83±0.40)mm and the channel height was(5.30±0.17)mm;the nectar amount in the spur was(0.39±0.04)μL and its sugar concentration reached 19.50% which could meet the pollination needs of small insects.(5)The seed setting rate of cross-pollination in different plants was the highest in 6 treatments tested in this study,up to 93.33%;no apomixis in I.racemosa.[Conclusion](1)The floral organ structure,color,fragrance and nectar quantity of I.racemosa have evolved to adapt to the pollination mode of B.trifasciatus(.2)Both self-pollination and cross-pollination are propagation mechanisms produced by long-term evolution of I.racemosa.(3)The sexual reproduction process of I.racemosa is relatively apt to be restricted by pollen and lack of effective pollinators,so the reproductive compensation mechanism can be used to promote its reproductive process.
作者
曹孟会
李文祥
刘松
李芹梅
贾颜
李茜
闻永慧
黄海泉
黄美娟
CAO Menghui;LI Wenxiang;LIU Song;LI Qinmei;JIA Yan;LI Qian;WEN Yonghui;HUANG Haiquan;HUANG Meijuan(College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences/Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture,State Forestry and Grassland Administration/Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization/Research and Development Center of Landscape Plants and Horticulture Flowers,Southwest Forestry University,Kunming 650224,China)
出处
《江西农业大学学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2021年第5期1007-1014,共8页
Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(32060364、32060366、31860230)
云南省重点研发计划项目(2018BB013)
云南省教育厅科学研究基金项目(2021Y264)
云南省中青年学术和技术带头人培养项目(2015HB046,2018HB024)
云南省高校园林植物与观赏园艺科技创新团队(51700204)。
关键词
总状凤仙花
花部形态
发育动态
繁育系统
Impatiens racemosa
floral morphology
developmental dynamics
breeding system
