摘要
本文实证研究政府创新补贴、高新技术企业减税、研发加计扣除三种政府创新政策对中国企业私人性质的创新投入的激励效应。主要发现是:从混合效应来看,政府创新补贴政策对企业私人性质创新投入造成挤出效应,而高新技术企业减税政策和研发加计扣除政策对私人创新投入产生挤入效应。这些效应在不同所有制类型和创新投入水平不同分位区间的企业中,表现出显著的异质性。从交叉效应看,总样本中,政府创新补贴政策、高新技术企业减税政策及研发加计扣除政策,对企业私人创新投入均形成相互抵消的挤出效应。而高新技术企业减税政策和研发加计扣除政策之间,对企业私人创新投入形成相互补充的挤入效应。这些交叉效应在不同所有制类型和创新投入水平的不同分位区间中,也表现出显著差异性。上述经验证据既为创新政策领域研究增添了重要的中国经验,也为中国政府创新政策的调整和改革方向,提供了有价值的参考。
Reviewing the existing research literature,the impact of various forms of innovation incentive policies formulated and implemented by a government on micro enterprises’innovation investment,especially private innovation R&D investment,is uncertain.The existing literature has always paid attention to the incentive effect of the direct policy dominated by government subsidies on enterprise innovation investment,less attention to the mixed effect of the direct policy dominated by government subsidies and the indirect policy dominated by tax reduction on enterprise innovation activities,and little attention to the possible cross effect between the two,namely,the offset effect or mutual promotion effect between different types of innovation policies.If we ignore the basic fact that enterprises obtain the mixed effect and cross effect of different types of government innovation policy support at the same time,it will inevitably lead to the estimation bias of the incentive effect of innovation policy on enterprise innovation activities.At present,Chinese governments at all levels are actively implementing various innovation support policies,which can be divided into two categories,namely,direct policies dominated by subsidies and indirect policies dominated by tax reduction.Direct policies dominated by subsidies include various forms of incentive policies,including enterprise innovation subsidies and incentive policies issued by the central and local governments and relevant competent authorities,incentive policies for attracting investment and introducing subsidies,incentive policies for introducing high-end innovative talents and teams,and incentive policies for patent application and authorized funding.The indirect policy led by tax reduction mainly includes the identification system of high-tech enterprises with Chinese characteristics and the enterprise income tax reduction and exemption policy as well as the enterprise R&D weighted deduction policy that follows international practice.At present,China’s economy is entering a specific stage of promoting the high-quality development model,and accelerating the formation and building of an innovative country.We must rely on the construction of the independent innovation capability system of micro enterprises to reshape and enhance the endogenous driving force of China’s economic growth.Adhering to the basic concept of Chinese scholars telling Chinese stories well,this paper uses a unique large sample of micro enterprise data to empirically test the real impact of three types of innovation incentive policies implemented by Chinese governments at all levels on enterprises’private innovation investment.Different from the existing research literature,on the basis of designing reasonable structural measurement equations and adopting the estimation framework of applicable control function method,this paper focuses on bringing the three most typical types of government innovation policies in China into a unified measurement framework to empirically test the possible mixed and cross effects of these three types of government innovation policies.The empirical findings are different from those in the previous literature.On the one hand,from the perspective of mixed effect,among China’s government innovation subsidy policy,tax reduction policy and R&D weighted deduction policy for high-tech enterprises,the government innovation subsidy policy has a significant crowding out effect on private innovation investment of enterprises.However,the tax reduction policy and R&D weighted deduction policy for high-tech enterprises have a significant crowding in effect on private innovation investment.From the test results from the perspective of ownership heterogeneity,the government innovation subsidy policy has a significant crowding out effect on the private innovation investment of enterprises with different ownership types,while the tax reduction policy and the R&D weighted deduction policy for high-tech enterprises have a significant crowding in effect on the private innovation investment of enterprises with different ownership types.In contrast,the crowding out effect of government innovation subsidy policy on private innovation investment of state-owned collective enterprises is the strongest,while the crowding in effect of tax reduction policy and R&D weighted deduction policy for high-tech enterprises on private innovation investment of state-owned collective enterprises is also the most prominent.From the perspective of different quantile intervals of the scale distribution of private innovation investment per capita,the more backward the independent innovation ability of enterprises is,the stronger the crowding out effect of government innovation subsidy policy on private innovation investment of enterprises is.The crowding in effect of tax reduction policy and R&D weighted deduction policy for high-tech enterprises on private innovation investment shows a U-shaped effect in different quantile intervals.On the other hand,from the perspective of cross effect,in the full sample,there is a significant mutually offsetting crowding out effect between the government innovation subsidy policy and the tax reduction policy for high-tech enterprises,and between the government innovation subsidy policy and the R&D weighted deduction policy for high-tech enterprises.And there is a significant complementary crowding in effect on the private innovation investment of enterprises between the tax reduction policy and the R&D weighted deduction policy for high-tech enterprises.From the perspective of heterogeneity of enterprise ownership types,the distortion effect brought by the combination of government innovation subsidy policy and other government innovation policies in private enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises is more obvious,and the mutual complementary effect between tax reduction policy and R&D weighted deduction policy for high-tech enterprises in private enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises is also more prominent.From the perspective of different quantile ranges of enterprise innovation investment level,enterprises with relatively backward innovation investment level rely more on government innovation subsidies to increase enterprise innovation investment,and enterprises with the most advanced innovation investment level are more capable of using various forms of government innovation policies to promote the improvement of independent innovation ability.
作者
张杰
ZHANG Jie(Institute of China’s Economic Reform and Development,Renmin University of China)
出处
《经济研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第8期160-173,共14页
Economic Research Journal
基金
2021年度国家社会科学基金重大项目“加快发展现代产业体系”(21ZDA022)
2020年度国家社会科学基金重点项目“加快建设现代化经济体系”(20AZD042)的阶段性成果。
关键词
政府创新补贴
高新技术企业减税
研发加计扣除
混合效应
交叉效应
Government Innovation Subsidy Policy
Tax Reduction Policies for High-tech Enterprises
R&D Weighted Deduction Policy
Mixed Effect
Cross Effect
