摘要
短道速滑是我国冬季运动优势项目,但国内针对该项目的运动生物学理论研究还相对不足。通过查阅文献,对该项目技术、体能、战术、运动损伤等方面的生物学特征进行了梳理。短道速滑运动是一项对技术要求较高的竞速类项目,在弯道滑行时具有躯干前倾、身体内倾、姿势蹲屈、单支撑长于双支撑且右单支撑长于左单支撑等特点,冰刀切向力与压力中心点的控制与弯道速度保持有关。短道速滑运动对平衡协调能力要求较高;膝关节的伸展主要提供滑行动力而等长屈曲动作主要用于维持滑行姿势;右腿胫骨前肌与股直肌对速度贡献最大;滑行姿势与弯道技术限制了运动员的最大摄氧量水平并导致血流供输与氧利用出现左右腿差异。起动排位与启动加速对短距离项目影响较大,内道起动排位可为比赛建立优势,而跟滑战术对长距离项目更为重要;比赛中需重视根据场上对手的变化来调整自身的速度。短道速滑运动员的膝、踝、腰、大腿等是常见损伤部位。
Short track speed skating is a winter sport which has a advantage of achievement in China.However the research on sports biology theory in China is still relatively inadequate.In this paper,the biological characteristics of the project in terms of technology,physical ability,tactics,sports injury and so on are analyzed by consulting the literature.Short-track speed-skating is a kind of race-speed project technical sport.The curve gliding has the characteristics of trunk forward tilt,body introversion,posture squat and flexion,single support longer than double support and right single support longer than left single support.Short track speed skating requires high balance coordination ability;extension of knee joint mainly provides skating power and isometric flexion is mainly used to maintain skating posture;right leg anterior tibial muscle and rectus femoris muscle contribute mostly to vilocity;skating posture and bend technique limit the maximum oxygen uptake level of athletes and cause the difference of blood flow supply and oxygen utilization between left and right legs.Starting position and starting acceleration have a great influence on short distance events.The starting position of the inner track can establish an advantage for the competition.But drafting is more important for long-distance events.It is necessary to adjust the speed according to the change of the opponent.Knee,ankle,waist and thigh are common injury sites.
作者
马杰
MA Jie(National Academy of Chinese Theatre Arts,Beijing 100073,China)
出处
《体育科学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第8期43-52,共10页
China Sport Science
关键词
短道速滑
生物学特征
技术
速度节奏
short track speed skating
biological feature
technology
pacing behavior
