摘要
分区域、分产业、分品种、分环节分析我国棉油糖蔬果茶药等8个主要经济作物生产机械化发展新情况、存在的短板不足,提出当前和今后一段时期的主攻方向和主推技术。结果表明,与2020年相比,预计2021年棉花、油菜、花生、甘蔗、蔬菜、茶叶、中药材综合机械化率分别提高2.7个百分点、3.4个百分点、3.6个百分点、1.9个百分点、4个百分点、1.8个百分点、2.5个百分点,仅有林果提高不到1个百分点。需关注的问题主要有,全国还有超过1000 khm^(2)的棉花、超过1000 khm^(2)的甘蔗、超过1800 khm^(2)的花生未实现机收,超过4200 khm^(2)的南方冬闲田需要扩种油菜;蔬果茶药生产机械化还处于起步阶段,无机可用、有机不好用的问题还比较突出;南方与丘陵山区农田条件不宜机,传统种植模式不宜机,国产机具作业质量和可靠性有待提升;棉花花生残膜污染严重。提出当前和今后一段时期各经济作物机械化主攻方向和主推技术,如国产采棉机质量提升与残膜高效回收,油菜宜机化品种选育与联合机械作业,夏花生免膜种植与高效清洁收获,甘蔗低含杂收获与制糖工艺改制,典型蔬菜品种标准化种植与高效收获,果园茶园宜机化标准建园和管理,中药材重点品种生产机械定制化研发等。
This paper analyzed the development of mechanization of 8 main cash crops such as cotton,oil,sugar,vegetables,orchard,tea and herbal medicine in China by region,industry,variety and link,and put forward the main direction and technology for the present and future period.The result showed that compared with 2020,the comprehensive mechanization rate of cotton,rape,peanut,sugarcane,vegetables,tea and herbal medicines will increase by 2.7 percentage points,3.4 percentage points,3.6 percentage points,1.9 percentage points,4 percentage points,1.8 percentage points and 2.5 percentage points respectively in 2021,only orchard increases by less than 1 percentage point.The main issues that need to be focused on are over 1000 khm^(2) cotton,1000 khm^(2) sugarcane,1800 khm^(2) peanut cannot be harvested by machine in China,over 4200 khm^(2) winter fallow field need to be planted rapeseed,mechanization of vegetable,orchard,tea garden,herbal medicine are very low,no machine to use,machine cannot be used efficiently,field conditions in Southern China and hilly areas and traditional planting modes are not suitable for machinery,the work qualities and reliabilities of domestic machines need to be advanced,plastic film residue in peanut and cotton planting.The main push technologies include advancing domestic machines quality,high efficient plastic film residue reclamations,rape machinery suitable varities selection and combined working,summer peanut no film planting and high efficient harvesting,sugarcane low impurity harvesting and sugar making process reforming,typical vegetable standardized planting and high efficient harvesting,orchard and tea garden machinery suitable construction and management by standard,major herbal medicine varieties mechanized production in customization and so on.
作者
吴传云
温浩军
吴崇友
胡志超
区颖刚
陈永生
曹光乔
阮建云
连政国
杨瑶
李丹阳
Wu Chuanyun;Wen Haojun;Wu Chongyou;Hu Zhichao;Ou Yinggang;Chen Yongsheng;Cao Guangqiao;Ruan Jianyun;Lian Zhengguo;Yang Yao;Li Danyang(Agricultural Mechanization Centre,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Beijing,100122,China;Shihezi University,Shihezi,832003,China;Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Nanjing,210014,China;South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou,510642,China;Tea Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing,100081,China;Qingdao Agricultural University,Qingdao,266109,China)
出处
《中国农机化学报》
北大核心
2021年第12期195-203,共9页
Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization
关键词
经济作物
生产机械化
主攻方向
主推技术
economic crop
production mechanization
main direction
main technology
