摘要
以自动驾驶汽车为典型,人工智能应用的“责任鸿沟”成了亟待解决的新问题。责任鸿沟实质上是机器智能体在自主性不断增强但又尚未获得责任主体地位阶段的一种责任无着落现象。随着人工智能越来越普遍的应用,它所带来的责任鸿沟是实践领域亟待取得突破的理论课题。人工智能的应用将给人类带来目前所能想象到的最大红利,而责任鸿沟则可能构成人工智能应用的瓶颈。在期待人工智能发展带来巨大红利的同时,应对随之而来的归责困境,已是当务之急。跨越人工智能应用的责任鸿沟,关系到人工智能的发展和应用,从而关系到人工智能发展前所未有红利的顺利兑现。人工智能应用中的责任鸿沟,在传统范式中不可能获得合理应对的理论和方法;必须在规则和规律一体化的造世伦理层次,这一鸿沟才可能真正意义上被跨越。造世伦理最基本的特征是整体性、类特性和共同性。以自动驾驶汽车为典型案例,相关责任和义务主要涉及智能设备的设计、使用责任和类群受益者伦理义务两类。如果自动驾驶汽车所发生的事故没有人事行为责任主体,只存在受益者义务问题,相关损失应由自动驾驶汽车受益者以义务的方式承担。人工智能应用责任鸿沟的造世伦理跨越,将使人工智能的应用和相应红利的兑现构成良性循环。
Taking self-driving cars as a typical example,the“responsibility gap”of artificial intelligenceapplication has become a new problem that needs to be solved urgently.The responsibility gap is essentially aphenomenon in which machine agents have no responsibilities at the stage when their autonomy is increasing buthave not gained the position of the responsibility subject.With the more and more common application of artificialintelligence,the responsibility gap brought about by artificial intelligence is a theoretical subject that needs tobe broken through urgently in the field of practice.The application of artificial intelligence will bring the biggestdividend that human beings can imagine at present,while the responsibility gap may constitute the bottleneck ofartificial intelligence application.While expecting the development of artificial intelligence to bring huge dividends,it is urgent to deal with the accompanying liability dilemma.The cross of the responsibility gap in the applicationof artificial intelligence is related to the development and application of artificial intelligence,thus related to thesuccessful delivery of unprecedented dividends in the development of artificial intelligence.In the face of theresponsibility gap in the application of artificial intelligence,it is impossible to find a reasonable theory and methodin the traditional paradigm.One can only bridge it in the ethics of world-making which means the integration of rules and laws.World-making ethics has different nature and characteristics,among which the integrity,classcharacteristics and commonality are the most basic elements.Taking automatic driving vehicles as a typical case,the related responsibilities and obligations mainly involve the design of intelligent devices,the responsibility ofuse and the ethical obligation of group benefit.If there is no person responsible for the accident caused by the self-driving car and only the beneficiary’s obligation exists,the relevant losses should be borne by the beneficiary groupof the autonomous car in the form of obligation.The ethical bridge of the responsibility gap of AI application willform a virtuous circle between the application of AI and the realization of corresponding dividends.
出处
《哲学分析》
CSSCI
2022年第1期15-30,196,共17页
Philosophical Analysis
基金
教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“人工智能的哲学思考研究”(项目编号:18JZD013)
国家社科基金重点项目“大数据相关关系和因果关系研究”(项目编号:17AZX003)阶段性成果。
关键词
人工智能
责任鸿沟
造世伦理
自动驾驶汽车
artificial intelligence
responsibility gap
world-making ethics
self-driving car
