摘要
中国近代发展新式高等教育之初,由于学校系统尚未建立,办学者尝试在校内按学业程度分设若干等级,以自行解决高层次教育的生源问题。清末学制颁行后,统一实行“预科—本科”制度。“本科”作为教育概念是从日本引进的,为一校之根本,与他科(如预科、别科、专修科)相对。清末各高等教育机构、中等实业学堂和师范学堂,均设有预科和本科。1922年“新学制”全面取消预科,“本科”作为相对概念出现合法性危机,一度销声匿迹。20世纪30年代,随着高等教育结构的完善,国民政府确立了专科、本科、研究生三个高等教育学历层次,“本科”作为教育概念发生含义转换,从一校之“本”上升为高等教育之“本”,是高等教育的主体部分和中坚力量。作为学历教育层次的“本科”虽与undergraduate同义,但它属于典型的具有中文特色的教育概念,不是源于对后者的译名。对“本科”的概念史考察,有助于深化“以本为本”的认识,为建设中国特色的本科教育构筑本土文化和本土语境的历史根基。
At the beginning of the development of new higher education in modern China,the founders triedto set up several levels to solve the problem of students sources in high-level education because the school system had not been established.After the promulgation of the school system in the late Qing Dynasty,the undergraduateandpreparatory system was uniformly implemented.The undergraduate education(“Benke”in Chinese),as an educational concept,was introduced from Japan.It meant the foundation of a university and was opposite to other concepts,such as“Yuke”(preparatory education),“Bieke”(special training)and“Zhuanxiuke”(sub-degree course).In the late Qing Dynasty,“Benke”and“Yuke”were set up in all higher education institutions,secondary industrial schools and normal schools.In 1922,the“New School System”completely abolished“Yuke”.“Benke”,as a relative concept,had a legitimacy crisis and disappeared for a longtime.In the 1930s,with the improvement of the structure of higher education,the ROC government established three academic levels,“Zhuanke”(junior college),“Benke”(undergraduate)and“Yanjiusheng”(postgraduate).The meaning of“Benke”,as an educational concept,changed from the foundation of a school to the foundation of higher education.As the level of academic education,although synonymous with undergraduate,“Benke”is a typical educational concept with Chinese characteristics,rather than a translation from“undergraduate”.An investigation into the conception evolution of“Benke”will help to deepen the understanding of“Benke foremost”,and build the historical foundation of local culture and local context for the construction ofeducation with Chinese characteristics.
作者
蒋纯焦
JIANG Chunjiao(Department of Education,East China Normal University,Shanghai,200062,China)
出处
《西南大学学报（社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第2期168-176,共9页
Journal of Southwest University(Social Sciences Edition)
基金
国家社会科学基金教育学一般课题“《学记》学史研究”(BOA180015),项目负责人:蒋纯焦。
关键词
本科
预科
专科
高等教育
概念史
“Benke”
“Yuke”
“Zhuanke”
higher education,concept history
