摘要
【目的】机械粒收背景下,明确不同种植区玉米生理成熟后田间站秆籽粒脱水至适宜收获期的积温需求,以期为各种植区选育适宜粒收品种,合理安排农事作业和提高机械利用效率提供理论指导。【方法】2014—2018年,在西北灌溉春玉米、北方春玉米和黄淮海夏玉米产区的典型试验点,选用141个不同熟期的主栽玉米品种,系统观测了籽粒含水率的动态变化,结合气象数据,分析不同产区玉米生理成熟后田间站秆籽粒脱水至含水率25%、20%的积温需求。【结果】不同产区玉米生理成熟期籽含水率不同,黄淮海夏玉米区参试品种的生理成熟期含水率均值为28.5%,西北灌溉春玉米区和北方春玉米区分别为29.9%、29.6%。相关分析表明,不同品种的生育期与生理成熟期籽粒含水率之间无显著相关性。以生理成熟至25%、20%含水率积温和生理成熟期含水率为指标,运用双向平均法将参试品种划分为积温需求少含水率高(I)、积温需求多含水率高(II)、积温需求少含水率低(III)、积温需求多含水率低(IV)4种类型。对于西北地区、华北地区和东北地区一年一熟的春播来说,可以选择III、IV类型品种,但是IV类型品种需要预留足够的积温来进行田间站秆脱水。对于黄淮海地区一年两熟的夏玉米,III类型品种能够较好协调小麦和玉米的生产调配,充分利用可供籽粒脱水的积温的余量。【结论】由于区域间玉米脱水期间热量条件的不同,玉米籽粒生理成熟至25%、20%含水率的天数均表现为西北灌溉春玉米区长于北方春玉米区、黄淮海夏玉米区。通过选择适合不同区域的积温类型品种、科学制定收获时间,可以有效降低收获时籽粒含水率和提高收获质量。
【Objective】Under the background of mechanical grain harvesting,the purpose of this study was to determine the accumulated temperature requirements of maize in different planting regions after physiological maturity by dehydration to the suitable harvest date,so as to provide the theoretical guidance for selecting suitable grain harvesting varieties,and rationally arrange agricultural operations and improve mechanical utilization efficiency in each planting region.【Method】From 2014 to 2018,141 maize varieties with different maturity periods selected to observe the dynamic changes of grain moisture content at typical test points in the northwest maize region(NW),the north maize region(NM)and Huang-huai-hai maize region(HM).Combining with meteorological date,the accumulated temperature requirements of maize field stalk dehydration to 25%and 20%grain moisture content after the physiological maturity were analyzed in different production regions.【Result】The grain moisture content was different at physiological maturity in different production regions.The average grain moisture content was 28.5%,29.9%and 29.6%in HM,NW and NM,respectively.Correlation analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between the growth period of different varieties and the grain moisture content at physiological maturity.The accumulated temperature of grain moisture content from physiological maturity to 25%,20%and grain moisture content at physiological maturity were used as indexes.By using the two-way average method,the tested varieties were divided into 4 types,including low accumulated temperature demand and high moisture content(I),high accumulated temperature demand and high moisture content(II),low accumulated temperature demand and low moisture content(III),and high accumulated temperature and low moisture content(IV).For the northwest China,north China and northeast China,III and IV could be selected,but IV varieties needed to reserve enough accumulated temperature to dehydrate in the field.While the summer maize with growing twice a year in the Huanghuaihai region,III varieties could better coordinate the production and allocation of wheat and maize,and make full use of the excess temperature that could be used for grain dehydration.【Conclusion】Because of different dehydrating conditions such as temperature,the days when grain moisture content from physiological maturity to 25%,20%showed that the northwest maize region was longer than the north maize region and Huang-huai-hai maize region.Grain moisture content and harvest quality can be effectively reduced by selecting the accumulated temperature varieties suitable for different regions and scientifically setting the harvest date.
作者
黄兆福
李璐璐
侯梁宇
高尚
明博
谢瑞芝
侯鹏
王克如
薛军
李少昆
HUANG ZhaoFu;LI LuLu;HOU LiangYu;GAO Shang;MING Bo;XIE RuiZhi;HOU Peng;WANG KeRu;XUE Jun;LI ShaoKun(Institute of Crop Science,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology,Ministry of Agriculture,Beijing 100081)
出处
《中国农业科学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2022年第4期680-691,共12页
Scientia Agricultura Sinica
基金
国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300605)
国家自然科学基金(31371575,31360302)
国家玉米产业技术体系项目(CARS-02-25)
中国农业科学院农业科技创新工程。
关键词
玉米
生理成熟期
籽粒含水率
站秆脱水
积温需求
机械粒收
maize
physiological maturity
grain moisture content
stand stalk dehydration
accumulated temperature requirements
mechanical grain harvesting
