摘要
Collisionless shocks are ubiquitous in the Universe and are held responsible for the production of nonthermal particles and high-energy radiation.In the absence of particle collisions in the system,theory shows that the interaction of an expanding plasma with a pre-existing electromagnetic structure(as in our case)is able to induce energy dissipation and allow shock formation.Shock formation can alternatively take place when two plasmas interact,through microscopic instabilities inducing electromagnetic fields that are able in turn to mediate energy dissipation and shock formation.Using our platform in which we couple a rapidly expanding plasma induced by high-power lasers(JLF/Titan at LLNL and LULI2000)with high-strength magnetic fields,we have investigated the generation of a magnetized collisionless shock and the associated particle energization.We have characterized the shock as being collisionless and supercritical.We report here on measurements of the plasma density and temperature,the electromagnetic field structures,and the particle energization in the experiments,under various conditions of ambient plasma and magnetic field.We have also modeled the formation of the shocks using macroscopic hydrodynamic simulations and the associated particle acceleration using kinetic particle-in-cell simulations.As a companion paper to Yao et al.[Nat.Phys.17,1177–1182(2021)],here we show additional results of the experiments and simulations,providing more information to allow their reproduction and to demonstrate the robustness of our interpretation of the proton energization mechanism as being shock surfing acceleration.
基金
supported by funding from the European Research Council(ERC)under the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program(Grant Agreement No.787539)
The computational resources of this work were supported by the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)and Compute Canada(Job Grant No.pve-323-ac)
Part of the experimental system is covered by a patent(No.1000183285,2013,INPI-France)
The FLASH software used was developed,in part,by the DOE NNSA ASC-and the DOE Office of Science ASCR-supported Flash Center for Computational Science at the University of Chicago
We thank J.L.Dubois for providing us EOS and opacities.The research leading to these results is supported by Extreme Light Infrastructure Nuclear Physics(ELI-NP)Phase II,a project co-financed by the Romanian Government and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund,and by the Project No.ELIRO-2020-23 funded by IFA(Romania)
IHT RAS team members are supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation(State Assignment No.075-00460-21-00)
The study reported here was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research,Project No.19-32-60008.
