摘要
The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from human activities traps heat within the climate system and increases ocean heat content(OHC). Here, we provide the first analysis of recent OHC changes through 2021 from two international groups. The world ocean, in 2021, was the hottest ever recorded by humans, and the 2021 annual OHC value is even higher than last year’s record value by 14 ± 11 ZJ(1 zetta J = 1021 J) using the IAP/CAS dataset and by16 ± 10 ZJ using NCEI/NOAA dataset. The long-term ocean warming is larger in the Atlantic and Southern Oceans than in other regions and is mainly attributed, via climate model simulations, to an increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. The year-to-year variation of OHC is primarily tied to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO). In the seven maritime domains of the Indian, Tropical Atlantic, North Atlantic, Northwest Pacific, North Pacific, Southern oceans,and the Mediterranean Sea, robust warming is observed but with distinct inter-annual to decadal variability. Four out of seven domains showed record-high heat content in 2021. The anomalous global and regional ocean warming established in this study should be incorporated into climate risk assessments, adaptation, and mitigation.
基金
supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42122046,42076202)
Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB42040402)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42076202)
National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0603202)
Key Deployment Project of Centre for Ocean Mega-Research of Science,CAS(Grant Nos.COMS2019Q01 and COMS2019Q07)
NCAR is sponsored by the US National Science Foundation
supported by NASA Award 80NSSC17K0565
the Regional and Global Model Analysis(RGMA)component of the Earth and Environmental System Modeling Program of the U.S.Department of Energy’s Office of Biological&Environmental Research(BER)via National Science Foundation IA 1844590。
