摘要
疟疾在18世纪成为欧洲向热带扩张的关键制约因素。源于欧洲在17世纪开启的殖民药用植物学勘探浪潮,生长于南美洲的金鸡纳在1630年首次被发现。围绕金鸡纳树皮是否具有抗“热病”效果,欧洲医学界展开了争论,直到1820年法国化学家从树皮分离出奎宁后,金鸡纳的抗疟作用才在西医传统权威中树立牢固地位。欧洲列强对金鸡纳的争夺导致南美洲森林资源的枯竭。19世纪中叶,欧洲将金鸡纳移植到热带殖民地,以荷属东印度为代表的东南亚种植园在世纪末主导了世界奎宁生产的金鸡纳供应市场。奎宁对欧洲向热带空间拓殖的保障引起了殖民格局的变化,后成为两次世界大战期间国际公共卫生运动的主要抗疟药物,实现了“政治性”向“社会性”功能的转变。欧洲对金鸡纳的探索、认知和移植,是一场关于金鸡纳生态知识的跨国流动,也重塑了南美洲和东南亚的生态结构。
In the 18 th century, malaria became a key constraint on Europe’s expansion into the tropics.Originating from the wave of colonial medicinal botanical exploration initiated by European natural historians at the beginning of the 17 th century, the cinchona trees growing in South America was first discovered in 1630.Regarding whether the cinchona bark had the effect of resisting “fever”,the European medical community launched a fierce debate.It was not until 1820 that French chemists separated quinine from cinchona bark, and after that the antimalarial effect of cinchona had established a firm position in the traditional authority of Western medicine.The fierce competition among European powers for cinchona bark led to the depletion of forest resources in South America.Beginning in the middle of the 19 th century, European colonial powers transplanted cinchona seeds to their respective tropical colonies.Southeast Asian plantations represented by the Dutch East India Company dominated the world’s cinchona supply market for quinine production at the end of the century.Quinine’s guarantee for European colonization of tropical space caused a change in the colonial pattern, and later on became the main antimalarial drug in the international public health movement between the two world wars.It has made the transition from “political” function to “social” function.The process of European exploration, cognition and transplantation of cinchona is a transnational flow of knowledge about cinchona’s planting ecology, and it has reshaped the ecological structure of South America and Southeast Asia.
出处
《史学月刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第3期102-112,共11页
Journal of Historical Science
基金
国家社会科学基金青年项目“生态殖民主义视角下美国全球霸权追逐与东南亚环境变迁(1898—1975)”(21CSS001)。
关键词
奎宁
金鸡纳
全球史
环境史
跨国移植
Cinchona
Global History
Environmental History
Transnational Transplantation
