摘要
【目的】为提升和保护北京市耕地质量,保障农产品质量安全。【方法】2013—2020年随机调查北京市有机肥样品,分析有机肥的质量指标和重金属5项。【结果】结果表明:1)318个受调查样品中,有机肥质量合格率为83.0%。2020年,有机肥质量合格率为92.6%,较2013年(合格率为58.1%)提高了60%。2)有机质含量在49.95~62.44 g/kg之间,合格率除2013(64.5%)和2015年(79.4%)略低以外,其余年份合格率在90.3%~100%之间;3)总养分在2.40%~20.17%之间,变异系数达31%,中位数在7.10%~7.99%之间,合格率除2013、2014和2018年略低以外,其他年份均高于90%。氮、磷、钾的变幅均较大,最高含量分别是最低含量的30倍、53倍和24倍,变异系数分别为45%、60%和51%;4)铅、砷、铬、镉和汞的检出率分别为100%、100%、99.69%、87.42%和79.87%,铬平均检出含量为42.98 mg/kg,铬最高检出含量达2 022.6 mg/kg,超标12.5倍,不同样品铬含量相差4个数量级,变异系数为309.44%,铅、砷、汞和镉平均检出浓度分别为26.65 mg/kg、4.82 mg/kg、0.30 mg/kg和1.26 mg/kg。镉、铬、铅、砷和汞的合格率分别为100%、97.48%、98.11%、98.11%和98.74%。所有年份5种重金属均为清洁水平(单因子污染指数均<1.0)和安全级别(综合污染指数均<0.7)。除了镉与铬和砷含量之间无相关性以外,其余重金属元素之间均显著相关(P<0.05),其中,铅与镉、铬、砷和汞的相关系数最高,分别为0.52、0.33、0.67和0.70。【结论】2013—2020年北京市有机肥质量显著提升,目前有机肥质量总体良好。建议肥料管理部门进一步开展有机肥质量常态化监管,有机肥企业加强原料安全性评估,对发酵原料进行充分堆腐和无害化处理,保证养分含量达标的同时,提高有机肥腐殖质含量、降低重金属有效性,确保有机肥的安全和品质。
In order to improve and protect the quality of cultivated land in Beijing and ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products, this study investigated 318 organic fertilizer samples in the city from 2013 to 2020, and analyzed the quality indexes of organic fertilizer and five heavy metals. The results showed that: 1) among the 318 investigated samples, the qualification rate of organic fertilizer was 83.0%. In 2020, the qualified rate of organic fertilizer quality was 92.6%, which was 60% higher than that in 2013(the qualification rate was 58.1%);2) The content of organic matter is 49.95-62.44 g/kg, and the qualification rate is 90.3%-100% in other years except that it is slightly lower in 2013(64.5%) and 2015(79.4%);3) The total nutrient is between 2.40%-20.17%, the coefficient of variation is 31%, and the median is between 7.10%-7.99%. The qualification rate is higher than 90% in other years except 2013, 2014 and 2018. The highest content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 30 times, 53 times and 24 times of the lowest content, and the coefficient of variation was. 45%, 60% and 51% respectively;4) The detection rates of lead, arsenic, chromium, cadmium and mercury were 100%, 100%, 99.69%, 87.42% and 79.87% respectively. The average detected content of chromium was 42.98 mg/kg, and the highest detected content of chromium was 2 022.6 mg/kg, which exceeded the standard by 12.5 times. The chromium content of different samples differed by 4 orders of magnitude, and the coefficient of variation was 309.44%. The average detectable concentrations of lead, arsenic, mercury and cadmium were 26.65 mg/kg, 4.82 mg/kg, 0.30 mg/kg and 1.26 mg/kg, respectively.The qualification rates of cadmium, chromium, lead, arsenic and mercury were 100%, 97.48%, 98.11%, 98.11% and 98.74% respectively. The five heavy metals in all years were clean level(single factor pollution index<1.0) and safety level(comprehensive pollution index<0.7). Except that there was no correlation between cadmium and chromium and arsenic, there was a significant correlation between other heavy metal elements(P<0.05). Among them, the correlation coefficients of lead and cadmium, chromium, arsenic and mercury were the highest, which were 0.52, 0.33, 0.67 and 0.70 respectively. The above results show that the quality of organic fertilizer in Beijing has been significantly improved from 2013 to 2020. At present, the quality of organic fertilizer is generally good. It is suggested that the fertilizer management department further carry out the normalization supervision of organic fertilizer quality, and it is suggested that organic fertilizer enterprises strengthen the safety assessment of raw materials and carry out sufficient composting and harmless treatment of fermentation raw materials to ensure that the nutrient content meets the standard, improve the humus content of organic fertilizer, reduce the effectiveness of heavy metals, and ensure the safety and quality of organic fertilizer.
作者
高飞
GAO Fei(Beijing Soil and Fertilizer Extension Service Station,Beijing 100029,China)
出处
《北京农学院学报》
2022年第2期19-24,共6页
Journal of Beijing University of Agriculture
基金
北京市农产品质量安全-监督抽查(肥料)项目(PXM2021_036205_000016)。
关键词
有机肥
质量
重金属
污染
北京
Beijing
organic fertilizer
quality
heavy metal
contamination
