摘要
从法律的历史变迁和代际进化看,可将中国的环境立法50年概括为从第一代环境法到第三代环境法的发展进程,当前正处于从第二代环境法挺进第三代环境法的新时期。第一代环境法以环境保护观为指导思想,以生存权为核心权利,以“末端治理”“分散保护”为主要调整模式,具有人类系统和自然系统二分、保护和发展“两张皮”的基本特征,以1989年的《环境保护法》为典型代表。第二代环境法以可持续发展观为指导思想,以发展权为核心权利,开始重视对发展能力的尊重和补偿,坚持从“摇篮”到“坟墓”的全过程管理,具有在“经济—社会—自然”复合系统内保护和发展一体化治理的基本特征,以2008年的《循环经济促进法》为典型代表。第三代环境法以生态文明观为指导思想,以环境权为核心权利,以生产发达、生活美好、生态平衡的“三生共赢”为根本目标,致力于“高质量发展”“高品质生活”和“高水平保护”,重视“党政同责”“一岗双责”“社会共治”和环境司法专门化的治理模式,具有在“经济—政治—社会—文化—环境—资源—生态—灾害”复合系统内“八位一体”系统性治理的基本特征,以2020年的《长江保护法》为典型代表。为推进对习近平生态文明思想的理解和贯彻,可将其核心要义概括为“十二个坚持”,从而更好地明晰其相对于西方的生态伦理思想、可持续发展思想的先进性和优越性,进而助推习近平生态文明思想更好地指引第三代环境法的发展和环境法典的出台。环境法的法典化之路尚需进一步选择和论证,基于事实、事理、法理和政策等因素的考量,建议采用通则型立法模式,优先集中兵力制定“环境法总则”和“污染防治法通则”。环境法学必须加强向“事理”和“法理”两面作战的能力建设,促进自科法学研究方法的养成,不断实现“事实—事理—法理—法律”的飞跃。
Viewed from historical changes and inter-generational evolution of laws,the 50 years of China’s environmental legislation can be generalized as a development process from environmental law 1.0 to 3.0.At present,it is in the new era for entering the third generation of environmental law.With Law of Environmental Protection of 1989 as a typical representative,the first generation of environmental law,guided by the outlook of environmental protection,takes the right to survival as a core right,takes“end treatment”and“scattered protection”as a major adjustment mode,which is characterized by“two skins”for protection and development.With Circular Economy Promotion Law of 2008 as a typical representative,the second generation of environmental law,guided by the outlook of sustainable development,takes the right to development as a core right,attaches importance to esteem and compensation to development ability,adheres to full-process management from“cradle”to“tomb”,which is characterized by the integration of protection and development.With Yangtze River Protection Law of 2020 as a typical representative,the third generation of environmental law,guided by the outlook of ecological civilization,takes environmental right as a core right,takes multi-win of advanced production,nice life and ecological equilibrium as a fundamental target,takes high-quality development and high-level protection as a core assignment,and advocates the governance model of“sharing responsibility of the party and the government”,“one post with double responsibilities”,“society co-governance”and specialization of environmental judicature,which is characterized by systematic governance of“economy,politics,society,culture,environment,resources,and ecology”.The circle of environmental law should strengthen basic research on the theoretical interpretation and legal expression of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Ecological Civilization,identify its advancement and superiority to the ecological ethic thought and sustainable development thought of the West,provide effective intelligent support for promoting Xi Jinping’s Thought on Ecological Civilization to better guide the development of the third generation of environmental law and the promulgation of the environmental code,and contribute a Chinese program for promoting the evolution of the international environmental law.As to the legislation model of environmental codes,it is appropriate to adopt a general one.
作者
杨朝霞
YANG Zhaoxia(Ecological Law Research Center,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083,China)
出处
《北京理工大学学报（社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第3期88-107,共20页
Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology：Social Sciences Edition
基金
国家社科基金重大项目“国家治理现代化视野下的生态环境保护法律体系研究”(20ZDA089)。
关键词
第三代环境法
习近平生态文明思想
可持续发展
自科法学
环境法典
the third generation of environmental law
Xi Jinping thought on ecological civilization
sustainable development
natural science of law
environmental code
