摘要
以存在虫害的木结构古建筑为研究对象,分析木材虫害特征及识别方法,并提出相应的虫害防治措施。研究结果表明,11处单体建筑遭受害虫蛀蚀的木构件树种包括硬木松(Pinus spp.)、云杉(Picea spp.)、楠木(Phoebe spp.)和软木松(Pinus spp.)。根据蛀孔大小、形状以及木构件外表整体受害表现,可初步判断虫害类别;进一步分析木构件内部的受害特征和残留蛀屑,结合显微观察以及标本比对识别,可更准确地确定虫害种类。古建筑木构件上的小而密集的虫孔多为粉蠹(Lyctidae)、长蠹(Bostrychidae)、窃蠹(Anobiidae)等蠹虫危害所致,偶尔1~2个虫孔,对木构件结构和强度影响不大;孔径10 mm左右的正圆形虫孔多为木蜂(Xylocopinae)蛀咬形成,多见于古建筑檐椽位置;另一类孔径5 mm以上的较大虫孔多为天牛(Cerambycidae)的羽化孔或排粪孔,出现于柱、梁等各种位置;白蚁(Termitidae)危害不同于前三类,其蛀屑混有泥土,危害状具有典型的破坏特征,多出现于埋墙构件。木结构古建筑虫害防治应结合害虫的生物学特性,找到其脆弱时期采取针对性措施。
The characteristics of wood insects and identification methods for ancient timber buildings were analyzed.The prevention measures of wood insects were proposed.The species of the wood components in 11 timber structures,which were affected by insects are hardwood pine(Pinus spp.),spruce(Picea spp.),Phoebe spp.,and softwood pine(Pinus spp.).According to the sizes and shapes of the insect holes,as well as the appearance of the damaged components,the type of insects can be preliminarily determined.Further analyses on the damage characteristics and residual debris inside the components,using microscopic observation and specimen comparison,provide accurate assessment of the insect type.Most of the small wormholes in the ancient timber buildings were caused by Lyctidae,Bostrychidae,and Anobiidae.One or two wormholes in a wooden component had little effect on the structure and strength.The circular wormholes with 10 mm in diameter were mostly formed by Xylocopidae,which were often found in the rafters of ancient timber buildings.The other kind of larger pores with more than 5 mm in diameter were the eclosion pores or fecal pores of Cerambycidae,which appeared mostly in columns,beams,and other locations.The Termitidae was different from the three types of insects above.The debris of Termitidae was mixed with soil.The infested state by Termitidae,which mostly occured in the buried wall components,had typical damage characteristics.The insect prevention methods need to consider the biological characteristics of the insects in order to determine the vulnerable period,then make targeted measures accordingly.
作者
钟慧娴
袁霄
陈勇平
ZHONG Hui-xian;YUAN Xiao;CHEN Yong-ping(Research Institute of Wood Industry,Chinese Academy of Forestry,Beijing 100091,China)
出处
《木材科学与技术》
北大核心
2022年第3期96-100,共5页
Chinese Journal of Wood Science and Technology
基金
国家重点研发计划课题“明清官式建筑材料科学化认知研究”(2020YFC1522402)。
关键词
木结构古建筑
木构件
木材虫害识别
防治
ancient timber structure
wood component
wood borers identification
prevention
