摘要
农业生产以家庭经营为基础是其自身的特殊性所决定的,家庭农场则是引领适度规模经营、发展现代农业的新型农业经营主体。我国家庭农场发展还处于初级阶段,需要较先进的家庭农场发挥示范作用,进而带动家庭农场整体的高质量发展。自2013年中央一号文件发布以来,各地相继出台了示范家庭农场认定文件,但鲜有文献对这些文件中示范家庭农场认定标准的科学性和有效性进行探讨。本文收集了21个省级和31个市级示范家庭农场认定文件,对其提出的示范家庭农场评定条件和要求进行梳理和比较,发现这些认定标准大多存在以下问题:(1)具体要求与定义性规定脱节,不利于评选出真正的示范家庭农场。比如,没有相应的量化指标来保证“以农业收入为主”和“以家庭成员为主要劳动力”的规定性,对经营规模大多只有下限要求、没有上限要求,可能把从事非农生产的经营主体、专业大户和公司性农场等评为示范家庭农场。(2)认定标准过低,示范家庭农场先进性不足不利于示范作用的发挥。例如,未对农场主的年龄、文化程度、经营经验以及农场的新技术采用和机械化水平等提出要求。(3)省级标准与市级标准没有拉开档次,不利于促进不同发展层次家庭农场的高质量发展。除了在经营面积上省级要求明显高于市级要求外,其他评定条件和要求的省级标准与市级标准差别不大。(4)认定标准中生态绩效指标太少,不利于新时代家庭农场的绿色发展。虽然有些示范家庭农场认定文件提出了“三品一标”的要求,但在绿色环保方面的要求过低,不能满足农业绿色发展的时代要求。目前,各地示范家庭农场认定标准存在的问题与我国家庭农场发展时间短、整体水平不高有关,但示范家庭农场的评选应该着眼于示范性和引领性,而不是照顾大多数。目前,有些地方的做法(如江苏省)值得借鉴。建议:对示范家庭农场的农业收入比重、家庭成员参与农场经营人数、雇工比例等有一个明确的量的要求,并规定经营规模的上限;适当提高示范家庭农场认定的门槛条件,例如,农场主的年龄要在55岁以下、文化程度要在中专和高中以上,近三年至少使用一项以上新技术等;大幅度提高省级示范家庭农场认定标准,与市级标准明显拉开档次;增加生态绩效方面的要求,例如,把化肥农药使用强度、有机肥利用率等纳入示范家庭农场的认定条件。
The fact that agricultural production is based on family management is determined by its own particularity,and family farms are new-type agricultural management entities that lead moderate-scale operations and develop modern agriculture.The development of family farms in China is still in its infancy,and advanced family farms are needed to play an exemplary role,thereby driving the overall high-quality development of family farms.Since the release of the No.1 Central Document in 2013,identification documents for demonstration family farms have been successively issued across China.However,there is little literature that discusses the scientificity and validity of the criteria for the identification of demonstration family farms in these documents.This paper collects the identification documents of 21 provincial and 31 municipal demonstration family farms,sorts out and compares the evaluation conditions and requirements of the demonstration family farms proposed by them,and finds that most of these identification standards have the following problems.(1)The specific requirements are out of touch with the defining provisions,which are not conducive to the selection of demonstration model family farms.For example,there is no corresponding quantitative indicator to ensure the stipulations of“agriculture-based income”and“family members as the main labor force”.Most of the operating scales only have lower limit requirements and no upper limit requirements.The business entities engaged in non-agricultural production,large professional households and corporate farms may be rated as demonstration family farms.(2)The identification standard is too low and the demonstration family farm is not advanced enough,which is not conducive to the demonstration role.For example,there are no requirements for the farmer's age,education level,operating experience,and the level of new technology adoption and mechanization on the farm.(3)Provincial standards and municipal standards are not separated,which is not conducive to promoting the high-quality development of family farms at different development levels.In addition to the fact that the provincial requirements are significantly higher than the municipal requirements in terms of the operating area,the provincial standards for other assessment conditions and requirements are not much different from the municipal standards.(4)There are too few ecological performance indicators in the identification standard,which is not conducive to the green development of family farms in the new era.Although some demonstration family farm identification documents put forward the requirements of“three products and one indication”(pollution-free agricultural products,green food,organic agricultural products and geographical indications of agricultural products),the requirements for green environmental protection are too low to meet the requirements of the era of green agricultural development.At present,the problems existing in the identification standards of demonstration family farms in various places are related to the short development time and overall low level of family farms in China.But the selection of demonstration family farms should focus on demonstration and leadership,rather than taking care of the majority.The practices in some places(such as Jiangsu Province)are worth learning.Recommendation:firstly,there should be a clear quantitative requirement for the proportion of the agricultural income of the demonstration family farm,the number of family members participating in the farm operation,and the proportion of hired labor,and the upper limit of the operation scale should be specified.Secondly,the threshold conditions for the identification of demonstration family farms should be increased appropriately.For example,the farmer should be under the age of 55,the education level should be above secondary school and high school,and at least one new technology should be used in the past three years.Thirdly,the identification standards of provincial demonstration family farms should be improved significantly to make the provincial standards significantly different from municipal ones.Finally,the requirements for ecological performance should be included in the standard.For example,the intensity of chemical fertilizer and pesticide use and the utilization rate of organic fertilizer are included in the identification standards of the demonstration family farm.
作者
郭厦
王丹
高舸桅
GUO Xia;WANG Dan;GAO Ge-wei(Economics School,Zhongnan University of Economics and Law,Wuhan 430073,Hubei,China)
出处
《西部论坛》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第3期32-45,共14页
West Forum
基金
教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目(18JJD790012)
中南财经政法大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项课题(2722022BQ007)。
关键词
示范家庭农场
家庭经营
适度规模经营
农场主素质
新技术采用
生态绩效
demonstration family farm
family operation
moderate scale operation
quality of farmers
new technology adoption
the ecological performance
