摘要
当今时代,霸权政治已不再具有全球合法性,领导成为大国塑造世界和发挥影响力的主要方式。目前,国际关系领域既有研究主要集中于领导国如何形成的问题,缺乏对领导国权威和地位如何持续存在的关注。本文在已有研究的基础上,试图提出与霸权相对应的、以领导为核心的理论框架,并以此展开领导国如何维护其领导地位的研究。本文认为,领导国的权力基础是关系性权力,关系性权力与强制性的因果性权力相对应,是指领导国的无形权力资源对其他国家产生的吸引力,并由此而形成的领导—追随关系。关系性权力是确保领导地位的重要因素,而决定领导国能否维护关系性权力的关键在于领导国能否通过协商解决其与追随者的分歧。通过对美国与苏联在冷战期间的横向对比和美国自身在冷战前后的纵向对比,论文从正反两面展示了其与盟国面对分歧时的处理方式与互动过程。冷战期间美国依靠协商方式处理与其欧洲盟友的关系,成功地维护了关系性权力,稳固了其在西方国家的领导地位。进入21世纪以来,美国未能通过协商方式有效解决其与欧洲盟友的分歧,损害了美国的关系性权力,美国的领导地位由此出现衰落。为重拾美国领导地位,拜登政府强调重建与欧洲盟国的信任关系,而近期爆发的俄乌冲突也为美国恢复其关系性权力提供了契机。
In today’s world,hegemony has lost its global legitimacy and leadership becomes the primary channel for great powers to exert influence and shape the world.Existing literature in international relations mainly focuses on how leadership is formed,paying little attention to how the authority and status of leadership persists.This paper proposes a leadership-centered theoretical framework that is relative to hegemony,so as to develop a study of how leadership can sustain.This paper argues that the leadership of great powers is based on relational power,which is the opposite of coercive causal power.Based on the intangible power resources,relational power results in a leader-follower relationship by attraction.To maintain relational power,it is key for the leader to resolve disputes with its followers through negotiation.Taking the U.S.as an example,this article explores the ways the U.S.handled and interacted with its NATO allies in the face of disagreements from both the positive and negative sides by comparing the U.S.with the Soviet Union during the Cold War and the U.S.with itself before and after the Cold War.The article finds that while the U.S.successfully maintained its relational power and therefore established its leadership in the West by negotiation with its allies during the Cold War,it has witnessed the undermining of its relational power and the decline of its leadership since the 21 st century as it has failed to effectively resolve its differences with its European allies by negotiation.To regain the U.S.leadership,the Biden administration has emphasized rebuilding trust with European allies.Moreover,the recent Russia-Ukraine conflict has provided an opportunity for the U.S.to restore its relational power and leadership.
作者
邢悦
刘钊
常欣
XING Yue;LIU Zhao;CHANG Xin
出处
《外交评论（外交学院学报）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第4期52-86,I0002,I0003,共37页
Foreign Affairs Review
关键词
美国
关系性权力
领导—追随关系
领导地位
协商
霸权
北约
俄乌冲突
the United States
relational power
leader-follower relationship
leadership
negotiation
hegemony
NATO
Russia-Ukraine conflict
