摘要
本文运用跨语言对比法对90种语言的否定情态展开对比研究。研究结果表明:人类语言的否定情态普遍以否定算子作为最基本的呈现方式;少数语言只有一个否定算子,多数语言有两个或两个以上的否定算子;共存于同一语言的多个否定算子之间总是存在某种互补性,但具体互补类型因语言而异;否定算子互补类型的差异性是人类语言类型多样性的重要组成部分,在一定程度上折射出人类不同语言群体之间认知倾向的差异性。
This paper has the following linguistic findings.Firstly,negative modality in human languages is generally realized by way of negative operators.Secondly,a small number of languages have only one negative operator whereas most languages have two or more negative operators.Thirdly,negative operators coexisting in the same language are functionally complementary,in terms of the role they play respectively and collectively for the realization of negative modality in the system to which they all belong.However,the specific type(s)of complementarity vary from language to language.Eight types of complementarity have been discovered so far.They are zero comple mentarity,stochastic complementarity,joint complementarity,collocational complemen tarity,tense complementarity,mood complementarity,context complementarity and com plementarity of negation degree.It is observed that the different types of complementarity of negative operators,except for zero complementarity,can generally coexist in the same language.For instance,the various negative operators in one language can exhibit a relationship of stochastic compl ementarity,mood complementarity and tense complementarity simultaneously.In other words,negative operators in a language can exhibit a relationship of stochastic compleme ntarity under some circumstances but mood complementarity or tense complementarity under others.Some complementarity types or subtypes seem to be peculiar to a language,a language family or a region.For example,ternary mood complementarity is unique to the Mang language in Austroasiatic;complementarity of negation degree is unique to the Laji language of Ge-Yang language group in Sino-Tibetan;subject collocational comple mentarity only appears in non-imperative sentences in some Bantu languages of Niger-Kordofan family;stochastic complementarity has obvious regionality,extending from southern China to the Indo-China Peninsula.However,some complementarity types are quite common.They appear almost randomly in different language families with a wide geographical span.For example,zero complementarity is found in Austronesian,Austroasiatic,Sino-Tibetan,and Indo-European;joint complementarity is active in Sino-Tibetan,Semito-Hamitic,Indo-European,Na-Dené,Niger-Kordofan,and other language families.Obviously,complementarity types of this kind cannot be identified as the characteristics of any particular language family.The difference in complementarity of negative operators is an important part of the diversity of human language,which reflects,to some extent,the difference of cognitive tendencies among different human language groups.
作者
童芳华
KONDALA Shadreck
益西邓珠
TONG Fanghua;KONDALA Shadreck;YIXI Dengzhu(School of Foreign Languages,Anqing Normal University;不详)
出处
《当代语言学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第4期563-585,共23页
Contemporary Linguistics
基金
教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目“本巴语语法研究”(20YJA740039)资助。
关键词
跨语言
否定算子
互补类型
cross-linguistic
negative operator
complementarity
