摘要
为进行HSK 6级“缩写”作文的人工评分及自动评分,有必要建立“语用近义句”,即“近意句①”概念;而且,口头、笔头“复述”“转述”“听后写”类作文评分,还有听力理解、阅读理解训练、说写表达训练、修辞训练、听力理解、阅读理解试题编写,以及解决自然语言处理的“复述”问题各端,均需要近意句知识;但以往语法学、修辞学、语义学、语用学的相关研究存在不足。为建立近意句概念,必须区分“句子”和“语句”、“句义”和“句意”、“同义”“同意”和“近义”“近意”,并且取小句为单位。近意句指在同一个真实语境或者延展语境中存在的两个或多个句意相近的句对。近意句句对的判认,可以借鉴静态抽象的语法学、语义学知识,或者修辞学所讲的“同义句式”知识,但一定要依靠具体语境来进行语用推理。近意句不仅包括句式不同、句意近似的句对现象,而且包括句式相同而句对中存在近义词的情况,以及语用学所揭示的“语用等同”现象,最后这类近意句对之句式不一定不同,而且其字面意义一般也不同甚至无关;从而,近意句可以分为词汇类、句式类和隐含意义类3个类别。利用200篇汉语二语者HSK 6级“缩写”作文中与母语文本相应小句构成的3174对近意句对语料,本文对这3个类别及其内部小类进行了举例说明。
The implementation of manual and automated evaluations for HSK Level 6 abbreviated writing entail an elaborate concept of pragmatic near-synonymy,pertaining to assessment of retelling,paraphrasing and read-to-write tasks,the training of listening and reading comprehension together with the design of the corresponding question items,the training in speaking,writing and rhetoric,and natural language processing in connection with retelling.However,only scant attention has been given to the issue in past studies of grammar,rhetoric,semantics and pragmatics.In order to establish the notion of pragmatic near-synonymous sentence,distinctions must be drawn between a sentence and an utterance,sentence meaning and utterance meaning,semantic synonymy and pragmatic synonymy,and near-synonymy in proposition and in pragmatic import,and the clause must be taken as the basic unit of analysis.Pragmatic near-synonymous sentences refer to those clause pairs possessing near-equivalent pragmatic import arising from a genuine or an extended context,and their identification is facilitated with recourse to abstract grammatical,semantic knowledge or knowledge of what is termed“synonymous sentence pattern”in rhetoric,but to a larger extent it is determined by pragmatic inference in a specific context.Pragmatic near-synonymous sentences subsume those clause pairs with a different structural pattern but a near-equivalent utterance meaning,clause pairs with the same structural pattern and a synonymous lexical item,and those involving what is known as“pragmatic equivalence”and characterized by a mismatch in literal meaning or sematic relevance.The assortment of situations gives rise to three types of pragmatic near-synonymous sentences:lexical,clause pattern-based and implicature-based.To illustrate these types and their subtypes,examples are chosen from a corpus of 3174 near-synonymous sentences composed of clauses in 200 pieces of HSK Level 6 abbreviated writing by second language learners of Chinese and the corresponding clauses in the original text.
作者
宗世海
马天欢
ZONG Shihai;MA Tianhuan(College of Chinese,Ji’nan University,Guangzhou 510000,China)
出处
《外国语》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第3期11-22,共12页
Journal of Foreign Languages
基金
2020年度国际中文教育课题重点项目“国际中文教学模式与教学法综合创新研究”(20YH08B)。
关键词
近意句
隐含意义
语句
修辞
语法
HSK
pragmatic near-synonymous sentence
implied meaning
utterance
rhetoric
grammar
HSK
