摘要
间变性淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase,ALK)是非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)中常见的致癌驱动基因之一。酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)在ALK融合基因阳性的NSCLC患者中均取得了优异的治疗效果,然而患者最终会对TKI产生耐药性。获得性的分子生物学耐药,如ALK激酶域突变、ALK基因扩增和旁路异常激活等,是影响ALK^(+)NSCLC靶向治疗效果的重要因素。获得性的ALK激酶域耐药突变现已成为关注重点。随着二代基因测序技术(next-generation sequencing,NGS)的不断进步及普及,ALK-TKI的耐药突变谱逐渐清晰,并且获得性耐药可能是动态变化的。首先,第一代、第二代TKI治疗失败后继发ALK激酶域耐药性突变以单点突变为主。约20%的患者在接受克唑替尼治疗失败后出现耐药突变,以L1196M、G1269A、C1156Y和F1174L为主。第二代TKI(包括阿来替尼、塞瑞替尼、布加替尼和恩沙替尼)耐药后点突变的发生率高达50%,且类型更丰富,例如G1202R/del、F1174C/V和I1171T/N/S等。相对于克唑替尼,第二代TKI对ALK激酶具有更高的抑制效果,可覆盖大部分的ALK耐药突变,但G1202R/del除外。研究发现,除G1202R是最常见的第二代TKI耐药性突变外,F1174C/L和I1171N/S/T分别是塞瑞替尼和阿来替尼的主要耐药突变,G1269A和E1210K是恩沙替尼的主要耐药突变位点。其次,第二代TKI耐药后ALK双重突变和“脱靶”比例显著增加。第三代TKI劳拉替尼耐药后几乎均为复合突变,并且耐药程度更高。现已发现I1171N-双重突变及G1202R-双重突变谱,其中,G1202R+L1196M双突变显示出对所有ALK-TKI的高度耐药。此外,序贯多代ALK-TKI治疗进展后,原有耐药位点发生变化,野生型的比列升高,耐药机制可能更为复杂。目前,在克唑替尼耐药后,序贯第二代/第三代TKI可抑制绝大部分耐药突变。而第二代TKI治疗进展后,可通过序贯其他第二代TKI或劳拉替尼达到抑瘤效果。对于顽固性的溶剂前沿区域突变,劳拉替尼对G1202R突变有显著的抑制效果,而对劳拉替尼耐药的L1198F突变及L1198F-双重突变对克唑替尼重新敏感。某些复合突变对第二代TKI敏感,如I1171N+L1196M和I1171N+G1269A突变,大部分复合耐药突变仍未发现有效的抑制剂。有新一代TPX-0131和NVL-655在临床前实验中以表现出优异的抑瘤效果,尤其是能够克服ALK复合耐药突变,但仍需要临床试验的验证。识别ALK-TKI的激酶域耐药突变谱,选择敏感且高效的TKI治疗是近年来的研究热点。本文聚焦于获得性ALK激酶域耐药机制,系统综述了ALK基因背景与激酶域耐药的关系和ALK-TKI激酶域耐药突变谱和治疗策略。同时,肿瘤进展后的重复活检对于识别ALK激酶域突变以及选择最有效的治疗策略至关重要。
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK) is one of the common oncogenic driver genes in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). Tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs) have achieved excellent therapeutic effects in patients with ALK fusion positive NSCLC.However, patients will eventually develop resistance to TKIs. Acquired molecular drug resistance mechanisms, such as ALK kinase domain mutation, ALK gene amplification and abnormal activation of bypass, are important drug resistance mechanisms affecting the effect of targeted therapy for ALKNSCLC. Acquired ALK kinase domain resistance mutations have become the focus of attention.With the deepening and popularization of next-generation sequencing(NGS), the drug resistance mutation spectrum of ALK TKI is becoming clearer, and acquired drug resistance may change dynamically. First, after the treatment failure of the first(G1)/second generation(G2) TKI, the secondary ALK kinase domain resistance mutation is mainly a single point mutation. About 20% of patients develop drug resistance mutations after failure of treatment with crizotinib, mainly L1196M, G1269A, C1156Y and F1174L. The incidence of point mutations following drug resistance to second-generation TKIs(including alectinib, ceritinib, brigatinib and ensartinib) is as high as 50%, and the types are more abundant, such as G1202R/del, F1174C/V and I1171T/N/S. In preclinical trials,compared with crizotinib, the G2 TKI has a higher inhibitory effect on ALK kinase and can cover most ALK resistance mutations,except G1202R/del. In addition to G1202R, F1174C/L and I1171N/S/T are the main drug-resistant mutations of ceritinib and alectinib respectively, and G1269A and E1210K are the main drug-resistant mutations of ensartinib. Secondly, the proportion of ALK double mutation and "off target" increase significantly following the resistance to the G2 TKIs. Following resistance to third generation(G3) TKI lorlatinib, almost all of them are compound mutations, and the degree of resistance is higher. I1171N double mutation and G1202R double mutation spectrum have been found. Among them, G1202R+L1196M double mutation shows high resistance to all ALK TKIs. In addition, after the progress of sequential multi-generation ALK TKI treatment, the original drug resistance sites change, the ratio of wild-type is increased, and the drug resistance mechanism may be more complex. At present, sequential G2/G3TKIs can inhibit most drug-resistant mutations after crizotinib resistance. After the treatment progress of G2 TKI, the tumor inhibition effect can be achieved by sequential use of other G2 TKI or lorlatinib. For stubbern solvent frontier region mutation, lorlatinib has a significant inhibitory effect on G1202R mutation, while the lorlatinib resistant L1198F mutation and L1198F double mutation can be resensitized to crizotinib. Some compound mutations are sensitive to G2 TKIs, such as I1171N+L1196M and I1171N+G1269A mutations. Most compound drug-resistant mutations have not found effective inhibitors. The new generation TPX-0131 and NVL-655 show excellent antitumor effect in preclinical experiments, especially can overcome ALK compound drug resistance mutation,however, they still need to be verified by clinical trials. Identifying the kinase domain resistance mutation spectrum of ALK TKI and selecting sensitive and efficient TKIs treatment are the research hotspots in recent years. This paper focused on the mechanism of acquired ALK kinase domain resistance, and systematically summarized the relationship between ALK gene background and kinase domain resistance, ALK TKI kinase domain resistance mutation spectrum and treatment strategies. At the same time, repeated biopsy after tumor progression is very important for identifying ALK kinase domain mutations and selecting the most effective treatment strategy.
作者
何丽媛
王玉栋
HE Liyuan;WANG Yudong(Department of Oncology,the Fourth Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical University,Shijiazhuang 050011,Hebei Province,China)
出处
《中国癌症杂志》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2022年第8期736-746,共11页
China Oncology
关键词
非小细胞肺癌
间变性淋巴瘤激酶
激酶域
突变
耐药
Non-small cell lung cancer
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase
Kinase domain
Mutation
Drug resistance
