摘要
【目的】探究华北地区的高效水氮管理模式,明确按需滴灌条件下水氮耦合对冬小麦旗叶光合特性、衰老特性及产量的影响。【方法】以济麦22为供试材料,在滴灌条件下设置了N1(180 kg/hm^(2))和N2(210 kg/hm^(2))2个施氮梯度,S2(拔节期和开花期)和S3(拔节期、开花期和灌浆期)2种按需滴灌时期的组合处理,以传统灌溉施肥方式(施氮量240kg/hm^(2),播前底施90kg/hm^(2),拔节期追施150kg/hm^(2)后畦灌)为对照(CK),于2019—2021年冬小麦生长季开展大田试验,研究了按需滴灌条件下不同时期水氮处理对冬小麦旗叶光合及衰老特性、产量形成及水氮利用的影响。【结果】与CK相比,随着灌水频次的增加,冬小麦群体叶面积指数(LAI)、旗叶的SPAD值、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)随之增加;丙二醛(MDA)量随灌水次数的增加而降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随之增强;籽粒灌浆速率随灌溉频次的增加显著提升。施氮量由180 kg/hm^(2)增加至210 kg/hm^(2),各生理指标无显著变化。在按需滴灌条件下,N1S3处理(施氮量180kg/hm^(2),拔节、开花期和灌浆期3次灌溉)有效延缓了冬小麦开花中后期叶片衰老和光合性能的下降,提高了籽粒灌浆速率。与传统灌溉施肥方式相比,N1S3处理的千粒质量平均提高了5.3%,产量平均提高了6.2%,氮肥偏生产力(PFPn)及灌溉水利用效率(IUE)分别平均提高了42.1%和44.8%。【结论】综合考虑作物生长性状、产量及水肥利用效率,N1S3处理是最佳的水肥管理模式,可作为华北平原东部地区滴灌节水节氮的高产灌溉施肥模式。
【Objective】Crop growth and its ultimate yield depend not only on irrigation and fertilization amounts but also on the timing of their application.Taking winter wheat as an example,this paper investigates how irrigating and nitrogen-fertilizing time affects photosynthesis,protective enzyme activity of flag leaf and grain yield.【Method】The field experiment was conducted in the 2019—2020 season with Jimai 22 used as the model plant.We compared two nitrogen fertilizations:180 kg/hm^(2)(N1)and 210 kg/hm^(2)(N2),with each applied at jointing and anthesis stages(S2),or at jointing,anthesis and filling stages(S3).Crops in both N treatments were drip-irrigated with the irrigation amount determined by crop demand for water.The control(CK)was traditional border irrigation coupled with 240kg/hm^(2)of N fertilization,with 90 kg/hm^(2)of the N used as basal fertilizer and the remaining top-dressed at jointing and anthesis stages,respectively.In each treatment,we measured the photosynthesis,senescence of flag leaf,yield formation and water-nitrogen use efficiency.【Result】Increasing irrigation frequency led to an increase in LAI,SPAD of the flag leaf,net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate,as well as the content of SOD,POD,CAT,and grain filling rate.In contrast,the content of MDA decreased as the irrigation frequency increased.When nitrogen application was increased from 180 kg/hm^(2)to 210 kg/hm^(2),there was no significant change in the physiological indices.Maintaining water content in the top 0~20 cm of soil at 100%of the relative water content delayed the commencement of the decrease in photosynthesis and senescence of flag leaf,while increasing the grain weight and grain filling rate significantly during the middle-late anthesis.Compared with CK,N1+S3 increased grain quality by 5.3%,yield by 6.2%,nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity(PFPn)and irrigation water use efficiency(IUE)by 42.1%and 44.8%,respectively.Considering crop growth traits,yield,IUE and PFPn,N1+S3 is optimal for water and fertilizer use efficiency,and can be used as an improved water-nitrogen practice for drip-irrigating winter wheat in the Eastern North China Plain.
作者
赵金科
徐学欣
曲文凯
刘帅
徐宇凡
孟繁港
贾靖
赵长星
ZHAO Jinke;XU Xuexin;QU Wenkai;LIU Shuai;XU Yufan;MENG Fangang;JIA Jing;ZHAO Changxing(Qingdao Agricultural University,College of Agriculture/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Agricultural Technology,Qingdao 266109,China)
出处
《灌溉排水学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2022年第9期43-51,共9页
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage
基金
山东省重大科技创新工程项目(2019JZZY010716)
山东省新旧动能转换重大产业公关项目(2021-54)
青岛市现代农业产业技术体系小麦创新推广团队项目(6622316104)
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0300604)。
关键词
滴灌水肥一体化
冬小麦
光合特性
衰老特性
产量
drip irrigation integration of water and fertilizer
winter wheat
photosynthetic characteristics
senescence characteristics
yield
