摘要
考古遗址中出土的鱼类遗存是探讨现生种类在历史时期的地理分布的重要资料。本文系统整理了中国新石器时代至明代考古遗址中出土的淡水及河口鱼类考古遗存记录,对比了鉴定至物种的遗存记录分布与现状分布,探讨了个别物种古今分布变迁的可能成因。结果显示:(1)目前中国淡水及河口鱼类考古遗存共鉴定记录了72个类群,分属于8目12科,其中以鲤形目的类群数量最多(43);鉴定至物种的共42种,其中以鲤(Cyprinus carpio)和青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)的出土遗址(群)数量最多(各46个)。(2)有淡水及河口鱼类遗存出土记录的遗址中,属新石器时代的遗址(群)数量最多(68),从这些遗址(群)中出土鉴定的类群数(60)也在各时期中居于首位。(3)淡水及河口鱼类遗存鉴定记录的类群最多的流域是长江流域(55个),其次为淮河流域(24个)和黑龙江流域(22个);而南海流域、西南流域和台湾岛流域各仅有1个类群。(4)有8个物种在其现存自然分布范围以外的流域至少有1处遗存鉴定记录:团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)、须鲫(Carassioides acuminatus)、龙州鲤(Cyprinus longzhouensis)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)、青鱼、黄鳝(Monopterus albus)和日本花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicas);除草鱼和青鱼之外,其余6种在其各自现存分布区以北的流域至少有1处遗存记录。研究结果表明,中国新石器时代以来的淡水及河口鱼类考古遗存记录所展现的区系地理格局整体上与现今格局一致。个别物种在历史时期的分布较现今分布区范围更广,这可能是因为遗存出土地区的古气候普遍较现今温暖,亦或是因其后气候变化或水系变迁使部分鱼类的分布区变狭窄。
Aims:Freshwater and estuarial fish remains recovered from archaeological sites are critical data for exploring the historical distribution of extant fish species.In this paper,records of freshwater and estuarial fish archaeological remains in China from the Neolithic Age to the Ming Dynasty will be studied to reveal the historical distribution of relevant extant species.Methods:We conducted a taxon-distribution matrix based on freshwater and estuarial fish archaeological remains from 101 sites(or site clusters)in China.The historical distributions of the identified fish species were reconstructed and compared with their extant distributions.The reasons for the changes in the distribution of species historically compared to present distributions were discussed.Results:A total of 72 taxa of freshwater and estuarial fish remains from 8 orders and 12 families were recorded,of which Cypriniformes was the largest order with 43 taxa.Forty-two taxa had been identified as extant species,of which Cyprinus carpio and Mylopharyngodon piceus were the most frequently recorded species(both were recorded in 46 sites).Of these 101 studied sites,68 sites belong to the Neolithic Age and a total of 60 fish taxa were recorded.The Yangtze River Basin had the largest number of identified taxa(55),followed by the Huai River Basin(24),and the Amur River Basin(22).In contrast,there was only one taxon recorded in the South Rivers Basin,the Southwest Rivers Basin and the Taiwan Island Rivers Basin.The following eight species had been recorded at least once outside their extant distribution range:Ctenopharyngodon idella,Mylopharyngodon piceus,Megalobrama amblycephala,Carassioides acuminatus,Cyprinus longzhouensis,Aristichthys nobilis,Monopterus albus,and Lateolabrax japonicas.Except for the first two species,the remaining species had been recorded at least once farther north of their extant distribution range.Conclusions:The geographical patterns of freshwater and estuarial fish fauna since the Neolithic Age in China were largely consistent with the current patterns.However,a few species displayed a historical distribution pattern wider than that of their present distribution range.This may be because the paleo-climate where these species unearthed was warmer than today,or because the subsequent changes in climate or water system have narrowed the distribution range of those fish species.
作者
梁伟诺
胡亮
Weinuo Liang;Liang Hu(School of Geography and Planning,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510006)
出处
《生物多样性》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2022年第8期110-125,共16页
Biodiversity Science
基金
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(13lgpy09)
中山大学本科教学质量与教学改革工程类项目(37000-12220011)。
关键词
淡水鱼类
动物遗存
地理分布
鲤形目
历史生物地理
freshwater fishes
animal remains
geographical distribution
Cypriniformes
historical biogeography
