摘要
等翅目Isoptera(白蚁)在有翅昆虫亚纲进化的谱系中是属于一类比较原始的昆虫,与蜚蠊目Blattaria昆虫有比较密切的亲缘关系。 白蚁有翅成虫的头部形态、前后翅的等同、翅脉的复杂结构以及腹部的形态,都和低等的有翅昆虫或古代绝灭的昆虫相类似。但白蚁的生活习性和兵蚁的形态特征,在整个昆虫纲中是属于极为进化的一个类群。
Termites-Isoptera, are almost the primitive insect among the evolutionary phylogenetic classification of Pterygota. It is structurally most closely related to the cockroaches (Blattaria) genetically. Entomologists considered that a termite colony consists of founctional reproductive caste and sterile castes. The sterile castes contained workers, soldiers and immature individuals. The reproductive castes are including primary reproduc-tives, the king and queen (Macropterous), the supplementary reproductivcs possessed short wing pads (Brachypterous) or named "The second-form queen", and very slightly pigmented, without wing pads (Apterous), or named "The third-form queen". But it doesn’t exactly demonstrate the characterastic evolution completely. The authors attempt to adopt the different characteristic morphologic slructurcs, and clar.sify them on the different ca tes of termites. The result of this method not only express the evolutionary level of different castes exactly, but might recognize the genetic relationship and taxonomic system among the families of the termite as well. The castes of termite would be sorted into two kinds: 1 . Primary Type;2. Transmuted (Specialized) Type. 1. Primary Type: Body-size and morphological structures of termite caste were maintained in the prototype. Head and thorax of the royal pair and worker castes have no peculiar changes. Imagoes is the typical case. It possess compound eye, ocelli, fore and hind wings. The brachypterous, apterous and worker caste are all immature individuals. 2. Transmuted Type: The changing structure of the soldier caste among some families separated from primary type, and as a basis for the heigher category diagnose species of Isoptera. At present time, the classification of termite are classified into 5 families (Emerson, 1965, elevated the subfamily Serritermitinae, the sixth family, to full family status). Mastotermitidae is the ancient family in Isoptera. Some entomologists considered that Kalotermitidae is more closely related to Mastotermitidae genetically. They might originated from the common source. But the morphologic comparison has shown that, especially to analyze the relationship of Primary and Transmutation Types. We found Kalotermitidae are not closely related to Mastotermitidae genetically. The authors considered that Hodotermitidae may be more closely related to Mastotermitidae genetically. For example, Hodotermopsis sjostedti Holmgren (Hodotermitidae), shape of head, antennal segment, shape of mandibles and structure of abdomen are all expressions of the primitive characteristics. Some group of Rhinotermitidae and Termitidae have variational status. From the heigher groups of Termitidae, as nasute soldier, has shown that Termitidae is the last phylogenetic systematic branch in Isoptera.
作者
黄复生
朱世模
李桂祥
Huang Fusheng;Zhu Shimo;Li Guixiang(Institute of Zoology,Academia Sinica;Kunming Institute of Zoology,Academia Sinica;Guangdong Institute of Entomology)
关键词
白蚁
原始型
蜕变型
分类系统
Termite
Primary Type
Transmuted Type
Taxonomic System