摘要
标准化过程是科学技术与价值判断相融合的合理化过程。技术标准是对生产过程、产品或环境质量之合理定型的规范系统,是量化指标最集中、与法律互动最频繁的标准之一。技术标准并非公法规范,无论对于公法还是私法,技术标准的功能都是提供合理定型的一种参照规定。强制性标准的法律效力来源于公法规定而非标准本身,该强制性是公法执行上的强制性而非私法适用上的强制性。技术标准的“规范性法律效力”并非标准的法律效力,而是法律本身的效力。在立法、执法和司法过程中,特定事实需要借助标准予以重构或建构后,方能以可接受的成本为法律所识别,此乃标准可以在法律中被援引的根本原因。在行政执法和司法裁判的大部分案件中,基于能力和成本的考虑,宜尊重标准的合理定型功能;如果个案中确实存在更好的合理定型事实的工具,则应当用此种工具取代之。
The standardization process is the rationalization process of the integration of science and technology and value judgment.Technical standards constitute a normative system that reasonably shapes the production process,and product or environmental quality.They are among the standards with the most concentrated quantitative indexes and the most frequent interaction with law.Technical standards are not public law norms.Their function is to provide a kind of reference provision of reasonable stereotype,whether for public law or for private law.The legal effect of mandatory standards comes from provisions of public law rather than the standards themselves,and the standards are mandatory in the implementation of public law rather than in the application of private law.The “normative legal validity” of technical standards is not the legal validity of standards,but the validity of law itself.In the process of legislation,execution and judicature,specific facts need to be constructed or reconstructed with the aid of standards before they can be recognized by law at an acceptable cost,and this is the fundamental reason why standards could or should be cited in laws.In most cases of administrative law execution and judicial adjudication,the function of reasonable shaping of standards should be respected in the consideration of capacity and cost.If a better method does exist in a case,it should replace the function of the standard.
出处
《法学研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第5期84-100,共17页
Chinese Journal of Law
基金
教育部人文社会科学青年基金项目“环境标准的法律适用研究”(19YJC820005)的阶段性成果。
关键词
技术标准
合理定型
强制性标准
合规抗辩
环境标准
technical standard
reasonable shaping
mandatory standard
defense of regulatory compliance
environmental standard
