摘要
国家公园是党的十八大以来生态文明建设的重要成果。本文采用制度分析和博弈论方法,力图以国家公园体制试点过程反映生态文明初露端倪的特征及其演变的制度逻辑:作为生态文明体制改革中整体进展最快、制度改革最系统的领域,国家公园建设反映了中国在生态文明时期发展方式的变化。既往的自然保护地,往往呈现保护与发展两张皮、保护机构与地方政府及原住民冲突多发的局面。2015年开始国家公园体制试点后,生态文明体制涉及的责权利相关制度开始调整,各利益相关者的利益维度及相互利益关系开始变化:对国家公园相关各层级地方政府而言,加入了以“生态保护第一”和“全民公益性”为特征的政治利益维度后,其在处理保护和发展的关系上形成了利益均衡、激励相容。这种变化在第一批国家公园之一的武夷山体现得尤为典型,其反映了中国生态文明建设的动力、特征、重点:(1)从中央层面在生态相关责权利制度安排上的调整和转移支付开始,形成各级政府以及企业、原住民之间的政治、经济利益总体均衡和生态利益外溢,在制度和发展效果上初步形成了不同于工业文明时期的特征,从冲突到共生的制度逻辑就是制度调整带来的多方多利益维度得利。(2)中央树立政绩观并统筹调整责权利制度是实现共生的前提,然后不同主体的最佳行动策略是:省政府有效介入、国家公园管理局高效落实以及基层地方政府全面协助,其中省政府是实现最佳行动策略的关键主体。
National parks have been brought into the stage in the construction of ecological civilization since the 18th National Congress of CPC,this paper adopts the institutional analysis and the game theory to reflect the characteristics of ecological civilization in the new form of human civilization,and the institutional logic of its evolution in the pilot process of the national park system.As a part of the fast growth and most systematic reformed field in the ecological civilization system,the construction of national parks reflects the great changes of China’s development mode in the period of ecological civilization.In the past,protected areas often showed a situation of discrepancy between conservation and development,and conflicts occurred between conservation agencies and local governments and indigenous peoples.After the pilot project of the national park system which is initiated in 2015,there are adjustments in terms of the relevant responsibilities and rights involved in the ecological civilization system and variations between different stakeholders in terms of the interest dimensions and mutual relations:for local governments at all levels,after adding the dimension of political interest characterized by"ecological protection first"and"public welfare of the whole people",they formed a balance of interests and incentive compatibility in handling the relationship between protection and development.This is particularly typical in Wuyishan,one of the first batch of the national parks,which reflects the motivation,characteristics,and focus of China’s ecological civilization construction:(1)Starting from the adjustment and transfer payment of institutional arrangement of the responsibility and rights system in ecological dimension at the central level,the overall balance of political and economic interests and the spillover of ecological interests between governments at all levels,enterprises and indigenous peoples have been formed.The institutional and development characteristics of national parks are different from those in the period of industrial civilization while the institutional logic from conflicts to mutualism is to bring interests to all the parties involved.(2)Through the analysis of evolutionary game model,to achieve the goal of ecological civilization,the best action strategies of different entities are as follows:the precondition of realizing mutualism is that the central government first establishes the concept of political achievements and coordinates and adjusts the system of rights and responsibilities,this leads to the best action strategies:the effective intervention of the provincial government,the efficient implementation of the National Park Administration,and the overall assistance of the local governments,of which the provincial government is the key subject.
作者
蔡晓梅
苏杨
Cai Xiaomei;Su Yang(School of Tourism Management,South China Normal University;Journal of Management World)
出处
《管理世界》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第11期131-145,共15页
Journal of Management World
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42071191)
国务院发展研究中心力拓研究基金项目资助。
关键词
国家公园
生态文明
政治利益维度
人与自然和谐共生
党的十八大
national parks
ecological civilization
the dimension of the political interest
harmonious development between man and nature
The 18th National Congress of CPC
