摘要
“上帝之死”在尼采那里意味着崇高世界的坍塌、传统价值体系论证方式的无效,也意味着为具有各种自然和社会条件限制的人开辟出一个颇大的可能性空间,开始基于一切皆可能的思想实验。尼采思想的实验性质不如从事小说创作的陀思妥耶夫斯基的那么明显。陀思妥耶夫斯基的思想实验可分为三类:不伤害他人的小心翼翼的实验、为了自己认定的善或利益而伤害人的实验、宗教大法官建构巴别塔的宏大实验。这些实验都是基于被解放的、意味着无限创造性的超能之人所做的。实验承担者的漂泊无根、价值荒芜状态,特别是“上帝死后,一切皆被允许”的逻辑,预示着价值的荒芜已从崇高价值蔓延至基本价值,标志着虚无主义已从崇高价值坍塌的虚无主义进一步深化到基本价值坍塌的虚无主义。与尼采相反,陀思妥耶夫斯基把这种虚无主义更多地与超能之人联系起来。在尼采那作为弱者工具的“上帝”与吉莱斯皮所谓没有任何限制、意味着无底线创造性的恶魔化“上帝”之后,陀思妥耶夫斯基那基于人性善良和民族文化传统理想的“上帝”显得尤其值得关注。“人神”通过犬儒主义进一步加重了现代虚无主义,使得被虚无的价值从崇高价值进一步深化或延伸到基本价值。
The death of God,in Nietzsche’s account,involves the collapse of the highest value,and the invalidation of the argumentation mechanism of the traditional value system,but it at the same time creates a vacuum for human beings,who were once-restricted by various natural and social conditions,to unfold the openness by conducting thought experiments of possibly anything.The experimental quality of Dostoevsky’s works is perhaps more noticeable than that of Nietzsche’s.There are arguably three types of thought experiments raised by the great Russian writer:1)a careful experiment without causing harm to others,2)a risky experiment driven by what he/she considers as kind or profitable but does bring harm to other people and 3)the grand experiment of constructing the Babel by the Chief Justice.All of these experiments are mostly associated with the overman,who was liberated from the old world and represents infinite possibilities.The subjects’rootless and devalued status and the underlining principle of“without God,everything was permitted”mark a great aggravation of nihilism that the value chasm has further-deepened and crushed not only the highest values but the fundamental ones,and that nihilism has finally taken the turn from the collapse of the profound meanings to the collapse of the fundamental meanings.Unlike Nietzsche,Dostoevsky associates this kind of nihilism more with the overman than with other things.Given the situation that“God”has transmuted into a tool of the weak in Nietzsche’s argument,and,an uncontrolled and unashamed egoist that seeks the maximum of self-interests as Gillespie suggested,it is thus important to pay attention to the“God”in Dostoevsky that roots itself in the kindness of humanity and in the ideal of his ethnic cultural traditions.While the“Man-God”has reinforced modern nihilism through cynicism,it might lead to the emptiness of not only the highest but the foundational values in each and every human scenario.
作者
刘森林
LIU Senlin(School of Philosophy and Social Development,Shandong University,Jinan 250100,China)
出处
《同济大学学报（社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第1期1-11,共11页
Journal of Tongji University:Social Science Edition
基金
国家社会科学基金重点项目“现代虚无主义思想史与批判史”(19AZX004)。
