摘要
存在政府低碳补贴时,本文考虑由一个制造商和两个相互竞争的零售商组成的低碳供应链在集中决策、零售商横向合作、供应链纵向合作和分散决策下的动态最优决策。本文通过构建微分博弈模型并运用动态优化的求解方法得到了不同合作方式下的反馈策略,并且在此基础上比较不同合作方式的结果,讨论了竞争对最优决策的影响。研究表明,集中决策下的零售价格与纵向联盟零售价格相同,均处于最低水平,零售商横向合作下的零售价最高。不同合作方式下的批发价格相同。政府最优补贴比率与竞争程度成负相关。纵向联盟能够实现帕累托改进,而零售商合作不一定为供应链带来额外收益。
In recent years,the greenhouse effect has aroused close attention globally while people have shown a growing preference for low-carbon consumption.As one of the largest emitters of CO2,the manufacturing sector is confronted with stricter government regulations and a more competitive environment;therefore,the status quo can be considered as a chance and as well,a challenge.In the traditional supply chain,it is common that retailers from different companies sell a certain stuff at the same time.The sale price and advertising of a retailer has an influence on all the other competitors.Under this circumstance,various types of cooperation in the supply chain might affect manufacturers′emission reduction,profit,social welfare as well as governmental subsidy.Thus,comparing and analyzing the differences among these types has reference value to governmental policies and decision making on supply chain.When local government implements the policy of carbon emission reduction subsidy,a low-carbon supply chain with one manufacturer and two retailers is considered in this paper.The manufacturer takes charge of production and emission reduction.The retailers are responsible for sales and advertising.Meanwhile,the retail pricing competition between two retailers also exists.On condition that buyers show a preference of low-price and low-carbon,A differential game model is formulated on centralized decision making,horizontal cooperation among manufacturers,vertical cooperation among retailers and decentralized decision making,which is aimed to find a long-term strategy that benefits all.By means of game theory,the influences brought from competitive intensity of marketing pricing to the objectives and outcomes of different decision bodies are discussed.The conclusions are as follows:The wholesale price of the product,which is only related to the scale of market and the cost of production,remains unchanged under different cooperation modes.When firms possessing pricing power dominates the retail market,the sales price has nothing to do with the degree of competition.When adopting decentralized decision-making and horizontal coordination,the retailers will reduce the optimal price in a fiercely competitive market in order to maintain and increase market share.The optimal government subsidy ratio is the ratio of the sum of the emission reduction benefits brought by manufacturers to retailers and the general public to the total emission reduction benefits,that is,the government bears the costs of generating the emission reduction benefits for other social groups.By doing this,the manufacturers′and government′s responsibilities and risks can be reasonably allocated,the financial pressure from companies which committed to reducing their emissions can be relieved,and the enthusiasm to emission reduction can be promoted.The centralized decision-making enables a reasonable distribution of profits among various subjects,hence the motivation for supply chain companies to reduce emissions,produce and sell products actively.This method works most effectively on benefits,CERs(Certified Emission Reductions)and retailer promotion efforts no matter for enterprises,supply chain or for the whole society.Compared with decentralized decision making,the vertical cooperation between manufacturers and a certain retailer firm can achieve Pareto improvement and carry higher welfare to the supply chain and the society.From the perspective of companies and the government,horizontal cooperation is not necessarily better than decentralized decision-making.This conclusion can also explain the phenomenon that the supply chain cooperation is mostly the combination of upstream and downstream enterprises,and the horizontal cooperation is relatively rare.Moreover,price competition can produce greater social welfare only when decision-making is decentralized.Because a fiercer competition shows a higher price sensitivity among consumers,and the advertising effect is relatively weaker.So each unit price reduction can significantly improve sales.If two retailers under decentralized decision-making have the same position,the advertising effect of one side will increase the business goodwill,while the goodwill will also affect the sales of both competitors.As a result,the rival will take the advantage and the effects advertising brought for the retailer itself will be further undermined.So retailers tend to set lower prices when the competition is intense.As the government is formulating the low-carbon cost subsidy policies,the practical mode of cooperation in the supply chain and the competition in the product market should be taken into consideration so that the proper subsidy ratio can be formulated.The government should further promote public awareness of ecological and environmental issues through publicity and popularization,and strengthen education to enrich environmental knowledge,promote low-carbon behavior.Also,they should provide better infrastructure and external support to industrial enterprises,and set up special industrial parks and high-tech industrial parks to encourage supply chain cooperation.
作者
卓四清
韩雪
ZHUO Siqing;HAN Xue(Economics and Management,School of Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,China)
出处
《管理工程学报》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2023年第2期80-89,共10页
Journal of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(71771181)。
关键词
微分博弈
低碳供应链
竞争
合作
Differential game
Low-carbon supply chain
Pricing competition
Coordination
