摘要
如何促进企业数据高效有序流通是数字经济时代的核心问题。数据流通是一个立体制度,不仅要求法律在数据确权和数据交易问题上予以回应,同时也需要构建外部治理体系。对于数据财产权,欧盟和其他国家与地区基本上都放弃了数据所有权路径,而转向数据使用权模式,并考虑如何促进其他主体对数据的访问。但是,对于数据访问权方案,需要认识到其本质是对数据财产利益的重新分配,进而更为谨慎地考察市场失灵问题、制定公正的分配方案。就数据交易制度而言,应当明确可交易数据范畴以及数据提供方的信息提供义务,同时要求交易平台或交易所承担一定的审查义务与安全保障义务,通过适当的监管措施推动数据交易市场健康有序发展。
How to promote the efficient and orderly mobilization of enterprise data is the core issue in the era of digital economy.Data mobilization under the market mechanism takes data trading as the basic form,but data trading is preconditioned on the relevant subjects having a clear property right to data.At the same time,the data trading market needs certain guidance and supervision to promote the orderly development of data trading activities.Therefore,the data mobilization system requires the law to respond to the issues of data property rights and data trading.Regarding the data property rights system,on the one hand,early researches in China’s academia tended to grant data ownership to enterprises.However,the data ownership scheme cannot achieve the goals of fairness and efficiency and is incompatible with the characteristics of subjective rights and those of the data economy.Clearly defined data usage rights can also meet the need for data rights confirmation in data mobilization and data trading practices and avoid the various problems of the data ownership scheme.It should be considered that an enterprise’s actual control over data based on technical means enables it to have effective control over the data and its mobilization,and,as a result,it can use and license others to use its data.On the other hand,to deal with the issue of the data access right of other subjects,the EU and some scholars in China have proposed a data access right scheme.However,the establishment of data access rights is a method for the state to redistribute the interests of data property through legislative means to ensure the realization of justice when the market mechanism cannot achieve a balance of justice.Therefore,legislation should not intervene if there is no obvious market failure.Regarding the data trading system,firstly,to solve the problem of unclear data trading objects,it is necessary to define the scope of tradable data,stipulate the information-providing obligations of data providers,and clarify the liabilities that data providers should bear when providing prohibited trading data or failing to fulfill their information-providing obligation.Secondly,to solve the problem of immature data trading models,it is necessary to position data trading platforms as intermediary-type data trading service providers,requiring them to undertake certain review and security obligations to reduce transaction costs and give effectively play to the role of platforms in trading matching,security,and other functions.Finally,to solve the problem of the inadequate data trading regulatory system,it should be recognized that the practice of nationalizing private data trading platforms can only serve as a shortterm solution.Promoting the joint development of and fair competition among data trading platforms with different ownership structures is an inevitable choice to promote the long-term healthy development of the data trading market.From the perspective of promoting market trust,nationalization is not the only solution.The establishment of a reasonable and standardized regulatory mechanism can also achieve the goal.In this regard,in terms of regulatory authorities,the main work of regulating data trading platforms can be undertaken by market supervision and administration departments or big data bureaus.In terms of regulatory measures,China can draw on the regulatory proposals put forward by the EU Data Governance Act.
出处
《环球法律评论》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第2期146-159,共14页
Global Law Review
基金
2020年度国家社科基金重大项目“互联网交易制度和民事权利保护研究”(20&ZD192)的研究成果。
