摘要
繁峙公主寺位于山西省五台山地区,是明清时期集宗教场所与民众娱乐于一体的建筑遗存。寺内壁画与彩塑绘制精巧,尤其是大雄殿四壁壁画场面宏大,构图严谨,色彩鲜明,是保存较为完整的明代水陆壁画精品。目前公主寺壁画存在部分画面漫漶不清、出现裂隙的情况,通过实地考察与科技分析,不仅可以揭示水陆壁画使用的原料和工艺,也为日后开展修复材料的筛选与文物本体的保护工作提供一手资料。研究运用显微镜观察(OM)、拉曼光谱(RAM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、激光粒度分析(LPSA)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)、扫描电镜能谱分析(SEM-EDS)及热裂解气相色谱质谱分析(Py-GC/MS)等多种科技手段,对公主寺壁画制作材料及工艺进行分析研究。实验结果显示:壁画使用传统工艺绘制,以土坯砖墙作为支撑体,地仗层分为粗泥层与细泥层,再涂刷一层打底的白粉层,最后绘颜料层。支撑体、地仗用土与当地土样的成分相似,整体颗粒粒径分布均以粉粒为主,细泥层砂粒含量较粗泥层偏高,粗、细泥层分别掺有麦秸、麻纤维等加筋材料。尤其是通过红外光谱分析发现白粉层材料为高岭土;应用拉曼光谱结合SEM-EDS分析确定了壁画所用的颜料,蓝色为蓝铜矿(2CuCO3·Cu(OH)2),白色为铅白(2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2),绿色为人造氯铜矿、羟氯铜矿(Cu2(OH)3Cl),红色、黄色与粉色颜料的显色物质为朱砂(HgS)、铁红(Fe2O3)、铁黄(FeO(OH))、铅丹(Pb3O4)与铅白,存在混合颜料进行调色的现象;另外,应用热裂解气相色谱质谱分析进一步辨别黑色颜料,根据多环芳烃的相对含量对比结果与检出的松科类植物燃烧产物,判断其为松烟墨,同时确定了壁画绘制添加的胶结材料为动物胶。该结果为公主寺壁画艺术研究提供更多原始信息,丰富了对明代山西水陆壁画制作材料与工艺的科学认知。
Princess Temple,located in the Wutai Mountain area of Shanxi Province,is an architectural relic of the Ming and Qing Dynasties that integrated a religious site with a place of folk entertainment.The wall paintings of Daxiong Hall were a relatively well-preserved Water-and-Land-Mural of the Ming dynasty.The research not only reveals the materials and artistry applied to wall paintings but also supplies first-hand data for selecting restoration materials and protecting the wall paintings in the future.The integration of analytical techniques applied includes optical microscopy(OM),Raman spectroscopy(RAM),Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),laser particles size analyzer(LPSA),X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray fluorescence spectrometry(XRF),scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM-EDS)and pyrolysisgas chromatography/mass spectrometry(PY-GC/MS).The results showed that the mural chose an adobe brick wall as the support structure,and the ground plaster layer was divided into a coarse mud layer and a fine mud layer,then coated with a white powder layer,and finally decorated with pigments on the surface.The wall-supported components and the base plaster layer are similar to those of the local soil.The overall particle size composition is powder in the majority,and the sand content of the fine mud layer is higher than that of the coarse mud layer.Furthermore,the coarse mud layer was mixed with wheat straw,and the fine mud layer was reinforced with fibrilla.In particular,infrared spectrum analysis determined Kaolin was determined as a white powder layer.The Raman spectroscopy analysis showed that the pigments used azurite,lead white,cinnabar,iron red,ferrite yellow,red lead,synthetic atacamite and botallackite.In addition,The black pigment was further determined as pine wood soot ink,according to the relative concentration of the main polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the biomarkers of pine wood.At the same time,PY-GC/MS was applied to identify animal glue as an adhesive of pigments.The results could provide more original information for the study of the art history of Princess Temple and enrich the scientific understanding of the materials and workmanship of Water-and-Land-Murals in Shanxi in the Ming Dynasty.
作者
姚依璇
黄亚珍
马颖
齐英明
魏书亚
YAO Yi-xuan;HUANG Ya-zhen;MA Ying;QI Ying-ming;WEI Shu-ya(Institute of Cultural Heritage and History of Science&Technology,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China;Cultural Relics and Ancient Construction Engineering Corporation Beijing,Beijing 100050,China)
出处
《光谱学与光谱分析》
SCIE
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2023年第4期1155-1161,共7页
Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis
基金
国家重点研发计划重点专项(2020YFC1522402)资助。
关键词
公主寺
水陆壁画
明代
动物胶
松烟墨
Princess Temple
Water-and-Land-Mural
Ming Dynasty
Animal glue
Pine wood soot ink
