摘要
在全球气候变化的影响下极端气候事件呈现多发态势,导致流域水旱灾害频发、水资源匮乏,且随着人口和经济的持续增长,用水大幅度增加,水资源污染严重,水资源供需矛盾加剧。如何实现小流域雨水蓄排协调以缓解水资源短缺和减轻暴雨洪水灾害,是目前亟待解决的科学和现实问题。笔者总结小流域现有蓄排措施的类型及其调控作用,梳理现有的蓄排措施布局方法和布局目标,发现目前的蓄排措施布局存在着“布局机理认识与模型模拟量化不足”“蓄排不协调、过程分离和末端治理并存”等问题;同时,也面临着水资源供需矛盾加剧和极端气候事件频发等挑战。鉴于此,蓄排措施布局需立足于水资源供需矛盾和极端气候条件事件下的水循环过程,建立小流域水文水力模型和蓄排措施多目标约束评估模型,为构建拦水引水蓄水排水网络系统提供技术支撑,进而缓解水资源短缺,减轻暴雨洪水灾害,提高流域对全球气候变化和人为活动双重胁迫下的应变能力。
[Background]Due to the impact of global climate change,the frequency of extreme weather events increased,leading to flood and drought disaster frequently occurred and water shortage.With the growth of population and economy,water consumption increases greatly and water pollution is serious,which aggravated the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources.How to coordinate rainwater storage and drainage in a small watershed for alleviating water resource shortage and flood disaster is a scientific and practical issue to be solved urgently.[Methods]We collected all relevant literatures with the keywords of“storage and drainage measures”and“rainwater resource utilization”,which come from CNKI,ScienceDirect,Springer and others.Based on those literatures at home and abroad,this paper summarized the types and regulating effects of existing storage and drainage measures in small watershed.This paper also sorted the methods and objectives in existing layout of storage and drainage measures,and analyzed their shortcomings and challenges.[Results]1)Storage and drainage measures can be divided into intercepting,diversion,storage and drainage measures,which have different ways and effects on runoff regulation.It is necessary to optimize the layout of storage and drainage measures in order to effectively control rainfall runoff,achieve rainwater resource utilization and sustainable development in a small watershed.2)The existing layout methods of storage and discharge measures mainly include experiential layout,multi-criteria decision making,machine learning and model simulation.However,in addition to empirical layout,other layout methods mostly focused on the optimal layout of intercepting and storage measures,and there was a lack of research on the optimal layout of diversion and drainage measures.3)At present,there are some problems in the layout of storage and drainage measures,such as“insufficient cognition of layout mechanism and quantification of model simulation”“emphasizing storage and neglecting drainage,process separation and terminal treatment coexist”.At the same time,it is faced with challenges of intensified contradiction between water supply and demand and the frequent occurrence of extreme climate events.[Conclusions]Therefore,the layout of storage and discharge measures should be based on the water cycle process under the contradiction between water supply and demand and extreme climatic events,and the characteristics of different dimensions such as time,space,process,factors and measures.Then the hydrologic and hydraulic model of small watershed and multi-objective constraint evaluation model of storage and drainage measures are established to provide technical support for constructing the network system of intercepting-diversion-storage-drainage.In this way,the effects of storage and drainage measures on the accumulation,storage,dispersion,and utilization of runoff can be realized,and the purpose of storage and drainage coordination and rainwater resources can be achieved.Finally,water resources shortage and rainstorm flood disaster will be alleviated,so as to improve the watershed s ability to cope with global climate change and human activities and promote the sustainable development of society,economy and ecology in small watershed.
作者
陈玉兰
韩剑桥
焦菊英
徐倩
陈同德
李建军
王楠
白雷超
CHEN Yulan;HAN Jianqiao;JIAO Juying;XU Qian;CHEN Tongde;LI Jianjun;WANG Nan;BAI Leichao(The Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education,712100,Yangling,Shaanxi,China;State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau,Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources,712100,Yangling,Shaanxi,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,100049,Beijing,China;Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Northwest A&F University,712100,Yangling,Shaanxi,China)
出处
《中国水土保持科学》
CSCD
北大核心
2023年第2期132-143,共12页
Science of Soil and Water Conservation
基金
国家自然科学基金黄河水科学研究联合基金项目“黄土高原极端暴雨土壤侵蚀致灾及蓄排协调防控机制”(U2243213)
国家自然科学基金“黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域道路侵蚀与水文连通性的耦合作用机制”(42077078)
“基于错峰调节的黄土丘陵沟壑区暴雨洪水源头水土保持调控机制”(42177327)。
关键词
蓄排措施
布局
极端气候事件
水资源
洪水
storage and drainage measures
layout
extreme weather event
water resource
flood
