摘要
气候风险是现代风险的典型代表,其对既有的法律体系提出了新挑战,要求作为根本法的宪法进行回应。对气候立法进行合宪性审查不仅具有必要性,还具有完善权利救济途径和弥补代议制多数民主局限的双重正当性,有利于从整体上推动碳达峰、碳中和目标的实现。作为对气候风险的法制回应,2015年联合国气候变化大会通过了《巴黎协定》,明确了国家应对气候变化的法律义务,触发了针对国家气候立法进行合宪性审查的气候诉讼浪潮。而作为新兴领域立法,气候立法在各国既往的合宪性审查实践中缺乏经验的积累和基准的建立。美国和德国代表着世界上现存的两种合宪性审查模式。对美、德两国相关宪法理论和前沿实践的对比分析,有利于为中国气候立法合宪性审查的开展提供参考,进而提升中国气候立法的科学性。在宏观层面,中国是《巴黎协定》的缔约方和积极践行者,今后在对相关立法进行合宪性审查时总体上应向气候变化问题保持开放,同时对气候立法宜采用一种较为宽松的审查基准。在具体操作层面,以比例原则为框架进行审查,这种技术模式不仅与中国的宪法语境更相洽,也与强调可持续发展的气候立法更为兼容。
As a typical modern risk,climate risk poses new challenges to the existing legal system and urgently requires responses from the constitution,the fundamental law of the system.A constitutional review of climate legislation is not only necessary,but also has the dual legitimacy of improving the right relief approach and supplementing the limitations of representative majority democracy,which is conducive to promoting the goals of reaching peak carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality.As a legal response to climate risk,the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference adopted the Paris Agreement,which clarifies a state’s legal obligations to deal with climate change and has triggered a wave of climate litigation resorting to constitutional review of climate legislation.As a new field,climate legislation lacks practice accumulation and has no pertinent benchmark established in past constitutional review practices.As the United States and Germany represent the two existing constitutional review models in the world,a comparative analysis of their constitutional theories and front-line practices may provide a reference for China’s constitutional review of climate legislation and further improve scientific legislation on climate change.At the macrolevel,China is a party to and an active practitioner of the Paris Agreement.In the future,China should generally keep its constitutional review open to the issue of climate change,and it would be advisable for the country to adopt a relatively loose review benchmark on climate legislation.In terms of specific operation,compared with the U.S.model,the German reviewing benchmark on climate legislation,which consists of the principle of proportionality and obviousness,has characteristics of abstractness and precision in operation.It is more compatible with climate legislation emphasizing sustainable development and more suitable for China’s constitutional context.It can be used as a reference for China’s constitutional review of climate legislation.
作者
杨未名
YANG Weiming(Law School,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)
出处
《中国人口·资源与环境》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2023年第3期58-67,共10页
China Population,Resources and Environment
基金
国家社会科学基金青年项目“比例原则视角下生态环境损害法律责任体系化研究”(批准号:22CFX041)。
关键词
气候风险
气候立法
合宪性审查
巴黎协定
气候诉讼
climate risk
climate legislation
constitutional review
Paris Agreement
climate litigation
