摘要
后民法典时代关于显失公平制度的理解与适用仍存在诸多不明之处,对此应当通过四个方面的解释论研究加以明晰。就适用范围而言,显失公平制度主要适用于双务、有偿合同,且对于身份财产行为、商事合同以及特定的合同条款也可适用。就主客观构成要件的适用关系而言,动态体系论的适用方法并不可取,鉴于《民法典》第一百五十一条的法理基础在于意思自治原则,故无论权利义务显著失衡的程度如何重大,皆不得不考量主观要件即意思表示瑕疵要件而直接判定显失公平成立;但仅具备意思表示瑕疵要件的,若瑕疵意思表示的作出是源于对方当事人可归责性极高的利用行为,则可对权利义务显著失衡要件进行灵活解释,以充分发挥法的救济功能。就构成要件的具体认定标准而言,应当将主客观要件进一步解构拆分为四项要件。就法律后果而言,被利用一方除了主张全部或部分撤销合同外,还可通过“部分撤销+漏洞填补”的方式实现变更合同的效果,合同撤销后对己方因缔约遭受的损害可请求对方承担赔偿责任。
There are still many ambiguities in the comprehension and application of the system of gross disparity after the enactment of the Civil Code,which should be clarified through interpretive research on four aspects.As for the application scope,the gross disparity system mainly applies to bilateral and onerous contracts,and can also apply to property juridical act based on identity property behavior,commercial contract and specific contract terms.As for the applicable relationship of subjective and objective constitutive elements,the applicable method of dynamic system theory is not desirable.In view that the jurisprudential basis of Article 151 is the principle of autonomy,no matter how gross is the disparity of the rights and obligations,the subjective element,i.e.the element of defect expression,cannot be omitted when determining a juridical act’s gross disparity.But when there is only element of defect expression,if the expression is attributed to highly culpable exploitive act of the other party,the objective element of gross disparity can be flexibly constructed to bring the law’s remedy function to full play.As for the specific identification criteria of the constitutive elements,the subjective and objective elements shall be further deconstructed and divided into four elements.As for the legal consequences,in addition to claiming the cancellation of the contract in whole or in part,the injured party can make use of“partial cancellation and loophole filling”method to get the contract modified,and ask the other party for damages after the contract being concelled.
作者
赵亚宁
Zhao Yaning(Law School,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084)
出处
《河南财经政法大学学报》
CSSCI
2023年第3期94-104,共11页
Journal of Henan University of Economics and Law
关键词
显失公平
《民法典》第一百五十一条
适用范围
构成要件
法律后果
gross disparity
Article 151 of the Civil Code
application scope
constitutive elements
legal consequences
