摘要
衡诸学术、实务两界,素有违约金司法酌减规则是适用于惩罚性违约金,还是补偿性违约金的论争。在《民法典》时代,宜从功能主义出发,依据当事人的合意内容对违约金做出补偿功能与压力功能的区分。详言之,当事人若是以督促履约作为违约金的合意内容,构成压力功能的违约金;若是以损害赔偿的预定为合意内容,则构成补偿功能的违约金。至于对违约金功能的识别,可在附条件法律行为的技术理路下,通过观察违约金生效条件的内部构造得到实现。据此,在违约金发挥压力功能的场合,只需顾及违约金合意的形成是否符合合同效力控制规则的要求,而不存在违约金司法酌减规则的适用空间;但在违约金发挥补偿功能的场合,特别是对最高损害赔偿的预定而言,囿于违约金司法酌减规则适用过程的实质是损害赔偿规则思路的运用,因而适用违约金司法酌减规则有其法理基础和制度空间。
In the theoretical and practical field,there is still no consensus over the objective of the rule of judicial discretionary reduction.Some believe the rule serves as a buffer against punitive measures while others insist on its compensatory function.In the era of the Civil Code,the parties consensual content plays an important role in differentiating compensation and pressure of the agreed payment for breach of contract.For instance,constitute the pressure function if both parties demand for performance with respect to the contract.On the other hand,constitute the compensation function if the objective is to compensate for damages.With the help of the theory of civil juristic act subject to a condition,the function can be realized by observing the condition precedent attached to the agreed payment for breach of contract.Accordingly,where the agreed payment for breach of contract plays the pressure function,the rules for controlling the effectiveness of contracts rather than the rule of judicial discretionary reduction can be applied.However,since the process of applying the rule of judicial discretionary reduction is equivalent to the application of the rules of compensation for damages,the rule of judicial discretionary reduction can be applied where the agreed payment for breach of contract plays the compensation function,such as being the predetermined maximum damages.
出处
《财经法学》
CSSCI
2023年第3期126-143,共18页
Law and Economy
关键词
压力功能
补偿功能
功能的识别
合同效力控制规则
违约金司法酌减规则
pressure function
compensation function
identification of the function
the rules for controlling the effectiveness of contracts
the rule of judicial discretionary reduction
