摘要
Nature-based coastal protection is increasingly recognised as a potentially sustainable and cost-effective solution to reduce coastal flood risk.It uses coastal ecosystems such as mangrove forests to create resilient designs for coastal flood protection.However,to use mangroves effectively as a nature-based measure for flood risk reduction,we must understand the biophysical processes that govern risk reduction capacity through mangrove ecosystem size and structure.In this perspective,we evaluate the current state of knowledge on local physical drivers and ecological processes that determine mangrove functioning as part of a nature-based flood defence.We show that the forest properties that comprise coastal flood protection are well-known,but models cannot yet pinpoint how spatial heterogeneity of the forest structure affects the capacity for wave or surge attenuation.Overall,there is relatively good understanding of the ecological processes that drive forest structure and size,but there is a lack of knowledge on how daily bed-level dynamics link to long-term biogeomorphic forest dynamics,and on the role of combined stressors influencing forest retreat.Integrating simulation models of forest structure under changing physical(e.g.due to sea-level change)and ecological drivers with hydrodynamic attenuation models will allow for better projections of long-term natural coastal protection.
基金
supported by the Joint Research Project Sustainable Deltas co-funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC
Grant No.51761135022)
the Dutch Research Council(NWO
Grant No.ALWSD.2016.026)
the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC
Grant No.EP/R024537/1)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42176202)
the Innovation Group Project of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory,Zhuhai(Grant No.311021004)
the Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology(Grant No.2019ZT08G090)
the 111 Project(Grant No.B21018)
the ERC H2020 ESTUARIES Project(Grant No.647570)
the Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Individual Fellowship(Grant No.896888)
the China Scholarship Council(Grant No.201706710005)
the NWO“LIVING DIKES e Realising Resilient and Climate-Proof Coastal Protection”Project(Grant No.NWA.1292.19.257)。
