摘要
生肖五行文化是藏历中用来纪年月日和推算吉凶祸福等的关键要素和核心内容,也是我国多民族共有共享的文化符号。生肖文化,历来引人瞩目,其起源和生肖纪年法等成为了诸多学者的研究主题关于生肖起源问题,历代学者众说纷绘,有人认为生肖与地支同源,也有学者提出突厥民族始创说、彝族始创说等观点,至今尚无定论。本文以汉藏传世文献和考古发掘的资料以及相关学术成果为依据,分析了生肖起源方面的几个主要观点及需要商榷的疑点,并结合藏族原始信仰、风俗习惯、天文历算等历史文化资料,探讨了十二生肖在藏文化中的体现和地位等,通过研究发现:十二生肖是藏族古代五大姓氏之图腾动物和氏族标志;以生肖和五行为核心要素的历法在藏文化中产生的时间较早,可追溯到夏代之前;藏族农牧区曾盛行的动物纪月法等物候历与十二生肖有一定的内在联系;并认为从战国和先秦时期传世文献中记载的“摄提格”、“单阏”“执徐”、“大荒<亡>落”、“敦牂”等属相名称和相关研究结论也能够证实藏文化中出现十二生肖的时间较早,另提出了十二生肖源于古代图腾崇拜的观点。
The five elements of the Chinese zodiac are the key elements and core elements of the Tibetan calendar,which are used to chronicle the year,month,day and hour,and to calculate good fortune and bad luck,and are also the cultural symbols shared by many minorities in China.Zodiac culture has always attracted attention,and its origin and zodiac chronology have been the research subject of many scholars.Regarding the origin of the Chinese zodiac,scholars have different opinions,some believe that the Chinese zodiac is of the same origin as the terrestrial branches.While others have proposed that it was created by the Turkic and the Yi people,but no conclusion has been reached yet.This paper analyzes several main views on the origin of the Chinese zodiac,and the doubts that needed to be debated,based on the Chinese and Tibetan handed-down documents,archaeological excavations and related academic achievements,thus,discusses the embodiment of the zodiac in Tibetan culture and its status by combining historical and cultural data such as primitive Tibetan beliefs,customs and habits,astronomical and calendrical history,etc.Through research,it is known that the zodiac is the totem animal of the five ancient Tibetan family names,and reveals that:the zodiac is the totem animal and clan symbol of the five ancient Tibetan family names;the calendar with zodiac and five elements as the core elements has been created in Tibetan culture since early times,which can be traced back to before the Xia Dynasty;the animal chronology of the moon and other physical calendars once prevailed in Tibetan farming and pastoral areas have some intrinsic connection with the zodiac;and it is also believed that the"Nie Ti Ge",Dan Yu","Zhi Xu",and"Deng Xiong",which were recorded in the ancient documents of Zhan Guo and the Pre-Qin period.It is also possible to confirm the emergence of the zodiac in Tibetan culture is very early.Besides,the view that the zodiac originated from ancient totem worship is also proposed.
作者
娘毛加
Nyingmo Gyal(Department of Chinese Language and Literature in Northwest Minzu University,Lanzhou,Gansu 730030)
出处
《青海民族大学学报（藏文版）》
CSSCI
2023年第1期101-114,共14页
Journal of qinghai minzu University：Tibetan Version
基金
2022年度国家社科项目“敦煌古藏文历算文献整理研究”(22BTQ008)阶段性成果。
关键词
十二生肖
图腾
地支
天干
Zodiac
totem
terrestrial branch
heavenly stem
