摘要
通过专业化组织施用农药,有利于提高农药施用效率和保证用药安全,有助于实现经济效益和环境效益的统一。20世纪50—70年代,中国政府将建立稳定的基层专业化施药组织作为保证施药安全与效率的重要措施进行推广。农业集体化生产理应更有利于推进施药专业化,但在20世纪60年代至70年代前期,很多生产队的施药组织却长期不稳定。农村基本核算单位的频繁变动、平均主义收入分配方式、运动式防治方式、重产出的政绩考核体系和偏低的施药工分等,均在不同程度上影响了施药组织的稳定性。其中,重产出的政绩考核体系和偏低的施药工分应是关键原因。本研究表明,将技术性和危险性纳入分析后,劳动项目报酬设定或预设的合理性,会影响到生产队劳动力资源的配置效率及其生态环境表现。从农药污染防治角度来看,建立在评工记分基础上的收入分配和生产管理制度,总体上具有非环境友好特征。群众性施药组织的稳定性何以会在20世纪70年代后期得到增强,尚待进一步研究。
The application of pesticides through specialized organizations is conducive to improve the efficiency and safety of pesticide application,and help to achieve the unity of economic and environmental benefits.From the 1950s to the 1970s,the Chinese government repeatedly regarded the establishment of stable grassroots specialized pesticide application organizations as an important experience to ensure the safety and efficiency of pesticide application.The agricultural collective economy should be more conducive to promoting the specialization of pesticide application.However,in the 1960s and early 1970s,the stability of pesticide application organizations in many places was insufficient for a long time.This article believes that this is mainly caused by the frequent changes of rural basic accounting units,the equalitarian income distribution,the campaign prevention and control methods,the output oriented performance appraisal system and the lower work points of pesticide application,of which the latter two are the key factors.This study also shows that after the technicality and risk are included in the analysis,the reasonableness of the remuneration setting or pre-set of the labor project will affect the efficiency of the allocation of labor resources of the production team and its environmental performance.From the perspective of pesticide pollution prevention and control,the income distribution and production management systems based on the work-point system are generally non-environmentally friendly.This paper does not yet provide a valid explanation for why the stability of grassroots application organizations increased in the late 1970s.
出处
《中国经济史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第4期133-146,共14页
Researches in Chinese Economic History
基金
中南财经政法大学学科会聚项目“文化传承视角下中国经济史学的史料整理与研究”资助。
关键词
生产队
农药
专业化防治
工分
政绩
Agricultural Production Team
Pesticide
Specialized Prevention and Control
Work Points
Performance Appraisal System
