摘要
舆论支配既是卢梭阐释社会状态的关键,也是涂尔干分析社会事实的重要参照物。借助舆论议题,涂尔干在改造自身解释系统的同时再造了卢梭的社会学说。卢梭认为,舆论是社会堕落的根源,需经由立法者的引导才能变成政治创制的基石。在早期的社会形态学路径中,涂尔干从比较法的视角考察了舆论、法律与社会类型的关系,在否定卢梭人性基点的同时强调了社会对人性的提升作用。为摆脱“决定论”色彩,涂尔干在与塔尔德的论战中为舆论机制纳入个体同意的条件,使社会成为符合个体本性的自然约束。在集体表象视角下,涂尔干彻底倒置了卢梭对自然和社会所作的等级序列,将社会从“压制本性”的人性枷锁修正为“提升本性”的文明基石。
Public opinion is not only the key to Rousseau’s interpretation of social conditions,but also an important reference in Durkheim’s analysis of social facts.By focusing on Durkheim’s discussion of public opinion domination,we are able to present his triple vision of social facts and reveal how Rousseau’s social theory is reconstructed through a process of interpretative system revision.In Rousseau’s view,the domination of public opinion is the root of social degradation,and it needs the guidance of legislators to become the keystone of political building.In the early path of social morphology,Durkheim analyzed the internal relationship and differences between public opinion and law,and examined the causal and functional relationship between“comparative law”and social types.While objecting to Rousseau’s fundamental point of human nature and negative social landscape,he emphasized the role of society in enhancing human nature.To rid of the materialistic social determinism,Durkheim included individual consent conditions for the public opinion mechanism in the debate with Tarde,making society a“natural constraint”in line with individual nature.From the perspective of collective representation,Durkheim’s social vison was completely free from the negative elements in Rousseau’s view and it was transformed into a mechanism for maintaining and reconstructing“moral ideals”.At the same time,the fundamental point of human nature was also shifted from Rousseau’s natural nature to the duality of individuality and sociality.In so doing,while perfecting his own explanatory system,Durkheim had inverted Rousseau's hierarchical sequence of nature and society,and remade social facts from the shackles of human nature that“suppressed nature”to the cornerstone of civilisation that“enhanced nature”.
作者
黄剑波
梅汝阳
HUANG Jianbo;MEI Ruyang
出处
《社会》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第4期97-128,共32页
Chinese Journal of Sociology
基金
上海市“中国特色的转型社会学研究”社会科学创新研究基地的支持。
关键词
舆论
社会
涂尔干
卢梭
public opinion
social
Durkheim
Rousseau
