摘要
从新近的立法倡议来看,中国法和法国法都将环境保护作为真正的问题纳入各自法律框架中。然而,在颁布众多涉及环境资源保护的规范性文件后,人们对它们的效力提出了质疑:如何才能推动国家、公民、法人及其他组织等各类主体遵守环境法?上述问题的答案在刑事领域是显而易见的,因为检察官可以行使公诉权以追究任何损害环境的犯罪行为。但在(刑法之外的)公法和私法领域,这一问题仍需进一步澄清。在上述领域,程序法要求诉讼当事人与争诉行为存在利害关系。本文通过分析比较中国和法国的诉讼法,从而确定哪些主体具有充分的合法性,足以代表和促进被视为公共利益的环境利益。通过设立公益诉讼或承认特定组织的诉权,中国法和法国法都扩大了相关主体推动环境法规施行的权能范围。这符合当前环境诉讼私法化的趋势,环境侵权人不仅需要防止环境损害(行政诉讼的目标),而且需要对环境损害进行赔偿(民事诉讼的目标)。
Considering the recent legislative initiatives,both Chinese and French laws have incorporated environmental protection as a genuine concern into their respective legal frameworks.There are,however,other concerns regarding the effective implementation of environmental regulations.How can entities,ranging from states to private corporations,and individuals,be compelled to adhere to environmental regulations?It may seem easy to answer that question in the criminal realm,where the prosecutor is empowered to take a public action and penalize environmental infringements that fall under criminal offenses.It still requires further clarification in both administrative and private law realms,where procedural laws require that the litigant has an interest in standing.This article compares the procedural rules of both Chinese and French jurisdictions,allowing the recognition of legal subjects that are deemed legitimate enough to represent and promote environmental interests.Chinese and French laws have both facilitated the capacity of some entities to require the enforcement of environmental regulations by establishing either some Public Interest Litigations or acknowledging the legal standing of certain associations to sue.This has followed with the current trend of privatization of environmental litigation,wherein environmental infringers are not only required to prevent any environmental harm(through public litigation),but also required to compensate for such harm(through private litigation).
出处
《法治社会》
2023年第6期27-41,共15页
Law-Based Society
关键词
诉讼法
环境保护法
诉讼利益
法国法
司法政策
Procedural Law
Environmental Protection Law
Litigation Interests
French Law
Judicial Policy
