摘要
臘祭、蜡祭是中国古代社会生活的重要内容,由于臘(腊)、蠟(蜡)二字形音相似而容易混淆,对此进行考证、辨析实有必要。分别对“臘”“蜡”语义的历时演变进行考察:“臘”的本义即是祭祀名称,后引申为纪月、纪年;“蜡”的本义是蝇的幼虫,后假借表年终祭祀义,并且其假借义项逐渐成为常用义。历代学者对臘祭、蜡祭进行了深入探讨,大致可以分为两派。就浑言派而言,代表人物是许慎、郑玄、段玉裁等,将二者混同的主要原因是日期接近、对象扩大、词义混淆。就析言派而言,代表人物是孔颖达、秦蕙田、王引之、孙希旦等,从祭祀的对象、先后、服饰、周期四个方面,对臘祭与蜡祭进行了辨别。实际上,在先秦时期,臘祭与蜡祭严格有别;秦汉混淆之后,蜡祭与臘祭则演变为包含与被包含的关系,而非等同的关系。通过这一研究,希望能为传统祭祀礼仪的探讨、《汉语大字典》的修补有所裨益。
Sacrifice is an important part of Chinese social life,but“la(臘)”sacrifice and“zha(蜡)”sacrifice are easy to be confused and need to be distinguished.According to the method of managing from Xiaoxue to Jingxue,firstly,search the original meaning,the borrowed meaning and the relevant meaning from the source.In detail,the original meaning of“la(臘)”is sacrifice and relevant meaning is time.The original meaning of“zha(蜡)”is maggot and borrowed meaning is sacrifice.Secondly,search the literature to prove that Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty are the confusion period.Views could be divided into two groups:vague and accurate.Among them,the date similarity,the object enlargement and the word confusion are the reasons.What’s more,Xu Shen,Zheng Xuan,Duan Yucai and so on are the delegates.Thirdly,distinguish them from object,order,clothing and cycle.Besides,Kong Yingda,Qin Huitian,Wang Niansun,Wang Yinzhi,Sun Xidan and so on are the delegates.The final conclusion is that“la(臘)”sacrifice and“zha(蜡)”sacrifice are strictly different before Qin Dynasty and confused to be inclusions which are not the same in Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty.It is hoped to benefit the mend of Hanyu Da Zidian(《汉语大字典》)and the inheritance and discussion of Chinese traditional sacrificial ceremony.
作者
何和平
He Heping(Chinese Folk Culture Institute,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610064,China)
出处
《现代语文》
2023年第12期30-35,共6页
Modern Chinese
基金
山东省社会科学规划委托项目“《读书杂志》等子书整理”(12AWTJ06)
国家社会科学基金项目“中国古代通俗类书的文献整理及语言文学研究”(19ZDA248)。
关键词
臘祭
蜡祭
秦汉
包含关系
《汉语大字典》
la(臘)sacrifice
zha(蜡)sacrifice
Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty
inclusion
Hanyu Da Zidian(《汉语大字典》)
