摘要
19世纪70年代美北长老会传教士到粤北地区的连州传教,1904—1905年该会的医疗传教士车以纶(Eleanor Chestnut)翻译出版了三江土话汉字本的“四福音书”。此前学界鲜有人关注该文献的语言学价值,因此几乎没有相关的研究成果。本文将结合美北长老会早期在连州的传教史实以及译者车以纶医生的生平事略,对上述“四福音书”的用字特点以及所反映的清末粤北连南客家方言的语言特色进行归纳,并对其重要的应用价值进行客观评价,方便学界和有兴趣的公众更好利用这个珍贵的方言文献。
In the 1870s,Presbyterian Church in the United States of America(PCUSA)came to Lianzhou in northern Guangdong to preach.From 1904 to 1905,medical missionary Eleanor Chestnut from PCUSA translated and published the Sanjiang colloquial version of the Gospel Book in Chinese characters.Few scholars have paid attention to this document before,and there have been no relevant research findings so far.Therefore,this article tries to combine the historical facts of PCUSA s early missionary work in Lianzhou and the life story of the translator,Dr.Eleanor Chestnut.It takes the Sanjiang colloquial Gospel Book as an example to briefly introduce the wording and linguistic features of Liannan Hakka in the late Qing Dynasty,and it will give an objective review of its academic application value to facilitate a better use of this precious dialect document among the academic circle and the interested public.The predecessor of PCUSA was American Presbyterian.The pioneer of American Presbyterian,A.P.Happer,came to Guangzhou to preach and settled down in Guangzhou from Macao in 1847.In 1854,another missionary,C.F.Preston,arrived in Guangzhou.Missionaries preaching in southern China after 1861 were basically affiliated to the PCUSA.In 1872,H.V.Noyes came to Lianzhou from Guangzhou,marking the beginning of PCUSA s missionary activities in Lianzhou,northern Guangdong.Sanjiang is located more than ten kilometers southwest of Lianzhou.Today,it belongs to Sanjiang Town,the county seat of Liannan Yao Autonomous County.This was once a vital missionary site for the Lianzhou branch of PCUSA.In 1894,PCUSA sent an additional medical missionary,Eleanor Chestnut,to Sanjiang,Lianzhou,to take charge of the women s medical ministry.She should have started learning the Sanjiang colloquial that year.Later,she published the“Sanjiang colloquial”version of the Gospel Book in Chinese characters by the American Bible Society in Shanghai.Among them,Gospel of Matthew was published in 1904,and Gospel of Mark,Gospel of Luke,Gospel of John were published in 1905.This article finds that the Sanjiang colloquial Gospel Book has four wording features:1)Many characters with the component“口”were created to record monosyllabic words in spoken language;2)Words with similar pronunciation were added with a small circle to indicate that the word is pronounced with different tones;3)Some words used in the documents written in colloquial Cantonese were borrowed;4)Some common words often used in Hakka area were adopted.The Sanjiang colloquial Gospel Book is recorded only in Chinese characters and not in Roman characters,but it records some characteristic words of the Liannan Hakka dialect in the late Qing Dynasty.This document also reflects the grammatical characteristics of the Liannan Hakka dialect.For example:1)Aspect marker“”were used;2)The Hakka GIVE“捹”(the original character is“分”)can carry two objects,and the direct object in the front refers to the object,while the indirect object in the back refers to the person who receives the object,which should be related to the influence of Cantonese;3)The possible negative forms of“唔”and“得”were used,such as“唔V得”,“唔得V”,“唔V得倒”,“唔V得O”,“V唔得倒”,“V唔得O倒”,etc.,which might be related to the influence of Cantonese;4)There are two types of Comparative sentences:One type is“X+比+Y+更+A”,in which the two comparison markers“比”and“更”must appear at the same time;the other is“X+A+过+Y”.The Sanjiang colloquial Gospel Book,with significant application value,retains the basic vocabulary and grammar of Liannan Hakka dialect in the late Qing Dynasty.Based on the previous work,it is necessary to continue sorting out and excavating this precious document and further fieldwork on Liannan Hakka dialect.It is expected to accurately grasp the development and evolution patterns of Liannan Hakka dialect over more than 100 years through comprehensive and in-depth comparative research.
出处
《暨南学报（哲学社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第12期15-26,共12页
Jinan Journal(Philosophy and Social Sciences)
基金
浙江大学2023年重要国家和区域研究专项项目“东盟国家早期汉语方言文献的搜集、整理与研究”。
关键词
美北长老会
车以纶
连州
客家方言圣经
连南客家方言
Presbyterian Church in the United States of America(PCUSA)
Eleanor Chestnut
Lianzhou
Hakka dialect version of Bible
Liannan Hakka dialect
