摘要
公司债权人面临不同于其他类型债权人的特殊风险,主要包括内部人利用有限责任制度逃避债务的风险,公司内外信息不对称引发的逆向选择、信号成本及内部人不法侵害的风险,公司行为负外部性扩散的风险。以合同法与侵权法为主要内容的行为法规则主要聚焦于债权人利益受损后的补救,难以实现对公司债权人特殊风险的有效预防;行为法还受制于公司独立人格、相对性原则的法理闭环,难以实现风险发生之后面向内部人的责任分配。公司法需要从组织法层面为债权人提供更具针对性的风险预防与责任分配手段。此外,具备议价能力的债权人如欲获得更具针对性、更高层级的保护,须与公司进行合同约定,此时其约定权利的效力与边界,仍仰赖公司法厘定。据此,可归纳公司法保护债权人的三个基本功能即组织法的风险预防、组织法的责任分配、组织法与行为法的交互。行为法与组织法保护债权人的功能顺序是:行为法自治→组织法风险预防→行为法责任分配→组织法责任分配,由此构成和谐融贯的公司债权人保护体系。此体系不仅可为公司债权人保护这一难题提供一套完整自洽的立法论解决视角,而且可以裨益司法实践关于公司债权人保护规则的阐释与适用。
Company creditors,unlike other types of creditors,face special risks which mainly include the risk of insiders using limited liability system to escape debts,the risk of adverse selection,signal cost and insiders’illegal infringement caused by information asymmetry and the risk of spreading negative externalities of corporate behaviors.The rules of behavioral law with contract law and tort law as the main content mainly focus on the remedy after the creditor's interests are damaged,and it is difficult to effectively prevent the special risks of the company's creditors.Such rules of behavior law are also subject to the closed loop of jurisprudence of the independent personality of the company and the principle of privity,thus it is difficult to realize the allocation of liabilities to the insiders after the occurrence of risk.Therefore,it is necessary for the company law to provide creditors with more targeted means of risk prevention and liability allocation at the level of the organizational law.In addition,if creditors with bargaining power want to obtain more targeted and higher-level protection,they must enter into a contract with the company,and the validity and boundaries of their agreed rights are still to be determined by the company law.Thus,we can summarize the three basic functions of company law of protecting creditors:the risk prevention of organizational law,the liability allocation of organizational law,and the interaction between organizational law and behavioral law.The functional order of behavioral law and organizational law in terms of creditor protection is as follows:autonomy of behavioral law-risk prevention of organizational law-liability allocation of behavioral law-liability allocation of organizational law,thus forming a harmonious and consistent system of protection of company creditors.Such system can not only provide a complete and consistent solution to the difficult issue of the protection of company creditors from the legislative perspective,but also be conducive to the interpretation and application of rules on the protection of company creditors in judicial practice.
出处
《政治与法律》
CSSCI
北大核心
2024年第2期80-96,共17页
Political Science and Law
基金
中国博士后科学基金第74批面上资助项目“债权人保护的公司法逻辑”(项目编号:2023M741900)的研究成果。
关键词
组织法
行为法
债权人保护
风险预防
责任分配
Organizational Law
Behavioral Law
Creditor Protection
Risk Prevention
Liability Allocation
