摘要
有色金属冶炼、电石法聚氯乙烯、汞触媒等特定行业已经形成数量不等的汞污染地块。精准识别地块中汞污染分布及迁移归趋,构建基于环境风险的防控技术体系,是此类地块有效修复与风险管控的关键。本文通过分析汞污染地块的特点及成因,总结了发达国家在政策法规、标准制定和制度建设等方面的历史实践经验,并结合我国在汞污染防控方面已有的相关法律、法规与管理政策,提出了基于环境风险量化表征与逐级分类管控的综合技术体系。首先,以健康与生态保护为核心要素,对环境风险精准量化表征,重点考虑地块中汞的赋存形态与生物有效性、特殊暴露途径与敏感受体、迁移与归趋等特征化因子;其次,基于污染调查与风评结果进行风险筛查,对地块风险等级进行科学划分;最后,从标准限值、修复技术和管理制度3个角度,选择与风险等级相匹配的差异化管控技术。该技术体系以风险管控为导向、以量化评估为基础、系统修复与全过程管理为途径,形成全方位、立体化、精准性的汞污染地块风险管理模式,符合《土壤污染防治行动计划》(“土十条”)的基本原则,为我国地块尺度汞污染控制提供体系保障,支撑我国《关于汞的水俣公约》履约活动。
With the rapid industrialization and urbanization,the number of mercury contaminated sites(MCS)is increasing.These sites are primarily concentrated in multiple industries including primary mercury mining,non-ferrous metal smelting,polyvinyl chloride production using the chlor-alkali process,and mercury catalyst.It is crucial to establish a risk-based mercury contamination prevention and management system.This article analyzes the fundamental characteristics and causes of the MCS,and summarizes the sound experiences in developed countries in terms of policies,regulation,standard,and institutional development.An integrated technical system is proposed for the environmental risk quantification and multi-dimensional risk control,which considers contamination remediation,risk management,institutional control,public participation,etc.Firstly,key factors,including the distribution and bioavailability of mercury forms specific exposure pathways and sensitive receptors,as well as migration and fate within MCS,are carefully considered to precisely quantify the environmental risk.Subsequently,tailored risk management and control measures are selected for the target MCS with different risk levels,encompassing criteria thresholds,remediation technologies,and management systems.Guided by risk management,supported by quantitative assessment,systematic remediation,and overall management,this technology system establishes a comprehensive,three-dimensional,and precise model for the risk management of MCS.It complies with the general requirements of the State Council’s Soil Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan,also known as“Soil Ten Measures”.This system provides technical support for the remediation of mercury contamination at site scale in China and also enhances the country’s compliance with the Minamata Convention on Mercury.
作者
赵彬
杨洋
张昊
金远亮
侯德义
ZHAO Bin;YANG Yang;ZHANG Hao;JIN Yuanliang;HOU Deyi(Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences,Guangdong Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou 510650,China;School of Environment,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China;Technical Centre for Soil,Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment,Ministry of Ecology and Environment,Beijing 100012,China)
出处
《地学前缘》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2024年第2期1-12,共12页
Earth Science Frontiers
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(42307021)
广东省科学院发展专项资金项目(2022GDASZH-2022010105)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金青年基金项目(2022A1515110625)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42077118)。
关键词
汞
污染地块
风险管控
制度控制
技术体系
mercury
contaminated sites
risk management
institutional control
technical system
