摘要
生态集约化是指通过强化生态系统服务实现以补充或替代人为输入来维持或增加产量的目标。生态集约化具有提高农业环境可持续性的潜力,例如通过降低对环境不利的管理活动而又维持产量。生态集约化基于生态过程,而这些过程受到生物多样性的影响。本文综述了多空间尺度下生物多样性,特别是维管植物多样性如何调节与生态集约化相关的生态过程。在植物个体基因型水平上,功能性状的互补性直接影响生产力;在田块内种群水平上,作物混合类型具有抗灾能力,以减少病虫害的发生和传播的风险;尺度转换到田间水平,非作物植物类型(如杂草)的多样性为田块内的功能过程提供了必要的资源,包括地下(碳输入、分解)和地上(传粉媒介和天敌的资源连续性)。在景观尺度上,半自然和管理的植被嵌合体通过减轻洪涝和干旱风险、改善气候和调节虫害种群,为抵御极端事件提供缓冲。总体而言,上述强调了尺度异质性在农田维持生态系统功能的重要性。本综述的主要研究挑战包括:1)将植物功能多样性(从性状到栖息地尺度)更好地整合到种植系统设计中;2)量化植物多样性相对于其他管理选项对有效生态集约化的可能互动贡献,3)并通过有针对性的管理优化生物多样性的系统功能优势,以实现具有弹性、高效和高产的农业生态系统。
Ecological intensification(EI)is the enhancement of ecosystem services to complement or substitute for the role of anthropogenic inputs in maintaining or increasing yields.EI has potential to increase farming’s environmental sustainability,e.g.reducing environmentally harmful management activities while sustaining yields.EI is based upon ecological processes which in turn are influenced by biodiversity.We review how biodiversity,particularly vascular plant diversity,can regulate ecosystem processes relevant to EI at multiple spatial scales.At an individual plant genotype level,complementarity in functional traits has a direct impact on productivity.At in-field,population level,mixtures of crop types confer resilience to minimize the risk of pest and disease incidence and spread.Scaling up to the field level,a diversity of non-crop plants(i.e.weeds)provides resources necessary for in-field functional processes,both below ground(carbon inputs,decomposition)and above ground(resource continuity for pollinators and natural enemies).At the landscape scale,mosaics of semi-natural and managed vegetation provide buffers against extreme events through flood and drought risk mitigation,climate amelioration and pest population regulation.Overall this emphasizes the importance of heterogeneity across scales in maintaining ecosystem functions in farmland.Major research challenges highlighted by our review include the need:to better integrate plant functional diversity(from traits to habitat scales)into cropping system design;to quantify the(likely interactive)contribution of plant diversity for effective EI relative to other management options;and to optimize through targeted management the system function benefits of biodiversity for resilient,efficient and productive agroecosystems.
关键词
生态集约化
植物多样性
可持续农业
间作
作物混作
生态系统功能
生态系统服务
ecological intensification
plant diversity
sustainable agriculture
intercropping
crop mixtures
ecosystem function
ecosystem services
