摘要
从20世纪前半期到现在,山东省蒙山前庙西村共有20例变式婚姻,具体包括童养媳婚4例、招赘婚9例、招夫婚1例和各类“族内婚”6例。大部分童养媳婚只流行于民国时期,极个别存在于50年代初期,50年代以后绝迹,这主要与婚姻法取缔童养媳婚有关。调查结果表明:童养媳婚的目的一是解决家庭劳力资源不足,二是让女性暨男性的配偶提前到来,以便更快、更好地融入新的家庭亲属关系之中。招赘婚出现于1980年以后至现在,与传统的继嗣制度存在先后相续的关系,即招赘代替了出继或过继模式,由此实现父系的延续。庙西村招赘婚的出现主要是应对缺乏男性子嗣的现象。招夫婚的目的是防止丧夫妇女的外流,最大程度地将其劝留在原有家庭或夫族中承担抚养下一代的责任。庙西村的族内婚大致可分为三类:第一类,嫁入的异姓女子在丈夫的五服内兄弟(共父兄弟、共祖兄弟、共曾祖兄弟和共高祖兄弟)之间的转换与组合;第二类,嫁入或到来的异姓女子在较远房份间即五服团体以外进行转换与组合;第三类,发生在同族两异性个体之间。第一类又分成两个亚类,一种是在某男子死亡或外出不归的前提下,其配偶与该男子的其他兄弟组成新的家庭,完成生育任务,以防止异姓女子外流;而另一种是兄弟间争夺配偶而组建新家庭,导致原有家庭被拆散,破坏了多种亲属关系。大的分类中的第二类不同于第一类中的第二个亚类的地方在于:其发生在房份较远的房支间,不同的男子争夺同一个女子,拆散原有家庭,最终带着妇女远离定居社区,具有拐带妇女性质。第三类“族内婚”易产生嫁给同族男子妇女的娘家觉得丢脸或蒙羞,中断与其新建家庭的联系和来往现象。族内妇女的流动涉及两性需求、情感需求和各种社会冲突与矛盾,非常驳杂。
Since the first half of the 20th century,there has been a total of 20 cases of abnormal marriage in Miaoxi Village,Meng Mount Area,Shandong Province,including 4 child bride marriages,9 zhaonxu marriages(to have the groom move in the bride’s house),a zhaofu marriage(to have a man move in a widowed woman’s family)and 6 zunei marriages(endogamy).Most child bride marriages were popular only in the Republic of China period,with a few existing in the early 1950s.They disappeared completely after the 1950s,mainly due to prohibition by the marriage law of the new China.The survey results show that the purposes of child bride marriage are to solve the shortage of labor force in the family,and to facilitate the female,namely the male’s spouses,to integrate themselves into the new family sooner and better.Zhaoxu marriage has appeared since the 1980s,and it has a continuous relationship with the traditional succession system.In other words,it replaces the mode of adoption,thus realizing the continuation of the paternal line.The emergence of this form of marriage in Miaoxi Village is mainly to cope with the lack of male offspring caused by family planning.Zhaofu marriage is chosen for the purpose of avoiding the outflow of the widowed women by persuading them into remaining in their husbands’family or clan to raise the next generation.Zunei marriages in Miaoxi village can be roughly divided into three categories.The first type is marriage between married women with different surnames and their husbands’Wufu brothers(full brothers,or brothers sharing the same grandfather,great-grandfather,or even great-great-grandfather).The second category is marriage between women and her husbands’brothers who are distant relatives in the same clan.The third type occurs between two heterosexual individuals of the same race and belongs to an incest taboo behavior.The first category is divided into two subcategories.The first is that,in the event of the death or disappearance of a man,his spouse forms a new family with the man’s other brothers to complete reproduction,in order to prevent the outflow of women with different surnames.The second is that,brothers compete for spouses to form new families,leading to the breakup of the original family and the destruction of many kinship ties.The second of the larger categories differs from the second subcategory of the first category in that:It occurs in distant branches of the lineage.In this case,different men compete for the same woman,breaking up the original family,and eventually taking the woman away from the settled community,which has the nature of abducting women.The third type of zunei marriage is prone to social death.That is,the niangjia(a married woman’s parents’home)of a woman who marries a man of the same lineage will feel humiliated or dishonored,and thus interrupt communication with her new family.The movement of women within the lineage group is very complicated,involving sexual needs,emotional needs and various social conflicts and contradictions.
作者
杜靖
Du Jing(Legal Anthropology Research Center,Qingdao University,Qindao,Shandong,266071)
出处
《地方文化研究》
2024年第1期1-19,共19页
Local Culture Research
基金
2011年度国家社会科学基金项目“16世纪以来黄淮平原上的联宗问题研究”(项目编号:11BZS072)的后续性成果。
关键词
变式婚姻
童养媳婚
招赘婚
招夫婚
各类“族内婚”
abnormal marriage
child bride marriage
zhaoxu marriage
zhaofu marriage
zunei marriages
